• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권7B호
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• pp.728-733
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• 2009

유비쿼터스 환경은 피어간의 연결, 이동이 전제되는 환경 등의 특정을 가지고 있다. 이러한 특정은 peer-to-peer(P2P) 시스템과 이동 애드혹 네트워크 (MANET)로 표현될 수 있다. P2P 시스템과 MANET은 비슷한 특징이 많이 있어 MANET 환경에서 P2P 시스템 구현은 매력적이다. 그러나 유선망에서 디자인된 P2P 시스템을 그대로 MANET에 적용하는 경우 성능이 만족스럽지 못하다는 것이 연구결과로 입증되었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 cross-layer 디자인을 사용하고 피어의 양호성을 고려하여 MANET 환경에서 만족스러운 성능을 낼 수 있는 P2P 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 라우팅 에트릭과 P2P 에트릭을 시용하여 연결을 유지할 피어를 선택하고, 피어 정보를 능동적으후 전달한다. 모의실험 결과, 제안한 방안은 라우팅 경로를 줄임으로써 쿼리 성공률, 쿼리 응답시간, 에너지 소모량에서 좋은 성능을 보여주었다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.3-18
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• 2013

This paper investigates the possibility of expanding pay-for-performance (P4P) program as a provider payment system, in terms of financial, economical, and political sustainability. In order to expand the sustainable P4P, P4P should have usefulness in terms of economic value as well as efficiency in the financial aspects of health care. More importantly, the P4P would be politically sustainable only when both providers and consumers can accept. Korea's healthcare system seems to have logical ground for the P4P program financially and economically. However, how well the P4P can work remains to be proven in its implementation. After 43 tertiary hospitals applied the P4P program for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and C-section in 2007, the number of hospitals adopting the P4P program for AMI and C-section has increased to 316 in 2011, and an incentive for hospitals applying the P4P has risen to 2% from 1% of health insurance benefits. This shows that the P4P program introduced by Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service is quite successful. In addition, people are aware of the need for improved P4P program and policy alternatives have been already made. Therefore, it is very important to come up with politically supportable strategies that can make providers and consumers accept the P4P program while maintaining the governance of the existing health insurance policy. To this end, there are some tasks to be considered. First, the expansion of the P4P program should be placed on the agenda of the Health Insurance Policy Review Committee, the highest decision-making body, and a separate agency for P4P planning should be established. Second, for more efficient P4P program, the processes of review and assessment, currently carried out separately, should be integrated into a single process. Third, infrastructure to measure the quality of medical services should be sharply expanded. Fourth, the current paradigm for the assessment should be changed. Lastly, a P4P program for consumers should be considered. Given that the consumers in Korea can use medical services freely, the National Health Insurance Corporation could initiate the P4P program for consumers as a means of controlling excessive use of medical services and adjusting consumer's moral hazard.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.347-367
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate drug abuse and to find related factors among high school students. The subjects for this study were 973 students from 10 high schools in Taegu city. The data were collected from September 30, 1996 to October 30, 1996. The questionnaire developed by Kim Soyoaja (1991) surveyed adolescent drug use and questions on smoking and drinking were readjusted and added by the researcher based on review. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, $X^2-test$, t -test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient with the SPSS /PC+. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of students who drank alcohol 1-2 times or more per year was 52.4% and smoked Cigarette 1 -2 times or more per year was 20.8%. The 7 different drugs(Analgetics 5.7%. sleeping pills and sedatives 4.2%, antihistamines 1.1%. stimulants 7.7%, hallucinogens 0.8%, inhalants 3.3%, and narcotics 0.6%) were also evaluated. 2. There was a significant relationship between drinking and type of school($X^2$=62.97, p<.0l), grades($X^2$=33.86, P<.001), school life($X^2$= 19.04, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$= 64.72, P<.001). 3. There was a significant relationship between smoking and type of school($X^2$=153.65, p<.001), grades ($X^2$=67.53, p<.001), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=33.80, p<.001) school life($X^2$ =50.87, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$ =85.28, p<.001). 4. There was a significant relationship between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and type of school ($X^2$=14.65, p<.01), grades($X^2$=12.89, p<.01), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=8.46, p<.05), and delinquent friends($X^2$=22.42, p<.001). 5. There was a significant relationship between a parent's habitual drug abuse and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=7.78, p<.01), as well as a parent's attitude toward drugs and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=6.33, p<.05). 6. There was a significant difference between drinking(t=-12.53, p<.001), smoking(t=-15.98, p<.001), the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(t=-5.77, p<.001), and the respondant's delinquent experience. 7. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4166, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2200, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1428, p<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.5977, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2849, p<. 001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1711, p<.05) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4219, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2611, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1764, p<.001) among female students. 8. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.0709, p<.05) drinkry and parent -child relationships (r=.1321, p<.01), drinking and mother's rearing attitude(r=.0704, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships(r=.0813, P<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.14S7, p<.01), drinkng and parent-child relationships(r=.2147, p<.001), smoking and family stability(r=.1544, p<.01), smoking and parent. -child relationships (r=. 2018, P<.01) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.1l21, p<.05), drinking and mother's rearing attitude (r=.0988, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships (r=. 0940, P<.05) among female students. 9. There was a significant difference between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and family stability (t=2.23, p<.05), parent-child relationships (t=4. 34, p<.001), satisfaction with family (t=4.02, p<.001), father's rearing attitude(t=3.04, p<.01), mother's rearing attitude(t=2.87, p<.01). The distribution channel of drugs including alcohol beverages and cigarettes should be evaluated and restructured to discourage student's temptation and to limit accessibility. The step by step preventive teaching on alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is needed from middle school to help prevent further drug abuse.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.217-228
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• 2019

본 연구는 강원도 C지역 피트니스 센터 이용고객들을 대상으로 운동처방환경서비스가 이용만족도와 재이용의도에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 설계되었다. 연구대상은 만20세 이상의 피트니스 센터 이용자 250명이었으며, 설문조사 실시 후 최종 분석 자료는 227부이었다. 이를 토대로 나타난 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사대상자 특성에 따라 성별은 이용만족도의 시설(t=2.308, p=.022)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결혼은 이용만족도의 가격(t=2.490, p=.014)과 재이용의도(t=-1.968, p=.05)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 연령은 참가정도의 기간(F=7.117, p=.000), 빈도(F=6.171, p=.000), 강도(F=2.791, p=.027)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이용만족도는 가격(F=6.171, p=.000), 지도자(F=3.083, p=.017)와 재이용의도(F=2.699, p=.032)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 학력은 참가정도의 기간 (F=3.656, p=.007), 빈도(F=3.164, p=.015)와 이용만족도는 지도자(F=5.170, p-.001), 가격(F=2.899, p=.023)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 직업은 참가정도의 기간(F=4.685, p=.000), 강도(F=2.373, p=.023)와 재이용의도(F==4.840, p=.000)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 월 소득은 이용만족도의 가격(F=4.651, p=.001), 시설(F=2.606, p=.037)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째. 운동 처방 서비스 유무에 따른 참가정도에서는 기간(t=-4.410, p=.000)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이용만족도에서는 가격(t=-7.951, p=.000), 지도자(t=5.304, p=.000), 시설(t=2.033, p=.043)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 재이용의도에서도 유의한 차이가 나타났다(t=4.640, p=.000). 셋째. 운동처방환경서비스에 따른 참가정도는 강도에서 이용만족도의 지도자(β=.221, p=.001), 가격(β=.135, p=.045)의 변인에서 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 재이용의도(β=.182, p=.007) 또한 강도에서 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 운동처방환경서비스에 따른 이용만족도 중 시설(β=.178, p=.005), 지도자(β=.497, p=.000)는 재이용 의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.257-274
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• 2001

To properly prepare teeth, dentists require a direct view of the working area and are often placed in a difficult position, moreover, a high proportion of dentists suffer from headache and back pain. Dentists who make use of the dental mirror and position their patients carefully to gain a proper view report less headache, pain and discomfort in the shoulders. It is recommended that dentists learn the "Home Position(H.P.)" which among the various "Random Position(R.P.)" methods, enables dentists to approach their patients in a stable posture. The purpose of this study was to compare tooth preparation in the H.P. and the R.P., and evaluate the clinical efficacy of the H.P.. Tooth preparation for a full cast crown was performed on the maxillary left 1st molar using the H.P. and the R.P., and the shapes of the prepared tooth surfaces at the two different operating positions were compared. The amount of occlusal reduction, marginal width, height, and axial taper were measured and analyzed. A T-test was performed separately to compare the results of the H.P. and the R.P. with respect to the accuracy of the corresponding tooth reduction. The results were as follows. ; 1. The amount of occlusal reduction was excessive on the mesiobuccal cusp(P<0.05), and deficient on the lingual cusp in the H.P.(P<0.01). In the R.P., this was excessive on the buccal cusp and deficient on the fossa and distolingual cusp(P<0.01). 2. The amounts of marginal width were excessive in all areas except on the lingual and mesial surfaces in the H.P. and lingual surface in the R.P.(P<0.01). 3. The marginal heights were achieved more accurately in the R.P. than the H.P.(P<0.01). 4. Axial surface taper was excessive in all areas in the H.P.(P<0.01). But the axial taper of measured areas was even, and tooth is more like to retain its original axis after reduction. In the R.P., axial surface taper was excessive on the mesial and buccal area, and deficient on the distolingual area(P<0.01), and therefore, the axis of the prepared teeth was tipped in the distolingual direction. 5. The times needed for preparation were 12 minutes and 49 seconds in the H.P., and 11 minutes and 35 seconds in the R.P., and the R.P. was statistically faster(P<0.01). The tooth preparation in the H.P. achieved its goal, in that it enabled the operator to make even tooth reduction. In conclusion, the H.P. system offers an improved method that can be used in clinic after specific training.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2005

PAH 위해성 평가의 생체지표 개발을 위하여, benzo[a]pyrene을 인체 간암 세포주인 HepG2세포에 처리하여 암 억제 단백질인 p53 및 관련 단백질의 발현 양상에 대하여 연구하였다. HepG2 세포의 생존력은 benzo[a]pyrene을 노출시킨 군에서 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. p53과 인산화 p53의 발현 양상은 benzo[a]pyrene 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 반면에 아세틸화 p53은 benzo[a]pyrene의 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 세포 주기 조절에 관련된 p21 단백질은 화학 물질 처리에 의해서 p53과 마찬가지로 증가하였으나, CdK4와 Rb 단백질의 발현에는 변화가 없었다. 상관분석 결과 Benzo[a]pyrene 노출, 세포 생존력, p53, 인산화 p53, p21이 서로 높은 상관성을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 p53 단백질의 축적이 benzo[a]pyrene 독성에 있어 매우 중요한 현상이며, 이는 선택적인 지표와 함께 p53 이 benzo[a]pyrene과 같은 PAH 계열의 물질의 위해성 평가를 위한 민감한 생체 지표로써 개발될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 공업화학
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.700-705
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 하이드로늄 이온 농도를 모니터링하기 위한 티타늄(Ti) 와이어를 기반으로 하는 휴대용 일회용 pH 센서를 성공적으로 개발하였다. 센싱 전극은 Ti 와이어에 이리듐 산화물을 전기화학적으로 증착하여 제조하였고, 기준 전극으로 Ti 와이어에 Ag/AgCl 잉크를 코팅하였다. pH 센서에 두 개의 전극을 결합한 후 pH 센서를 다양한 pH 용액에 담그면 개방 회로 전위 신호를 수집할 수 있다. 상기 제조된 pH 센서는 감도, 응답 시간, 반복성, 선택도 및 안정성 측면에서 우수한 전기화학적 감지 성능을 보여 주었다. 현장 검사 응용을 시연하기 위해서 pH 센서를 모바일 애플리케이션과 통신할 수 있는 무선 전자 모듈과 통합하였다. 이 휴대용 pH 센서는 실제 샘플의 pH 변화를 정확하게 측정했으며 결과는 상용 pH 측정기의 데이터와 일치하였다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to examine a method most pertinent to measure subglottic air pressure. Subglottic air pressure and loudness analyses were performed on vowels /a/, /i/ and consonant /p/ in 12 normal subjects using. Aerophone II voice function. The experimental contexts were, therefore, /i:pi:pi:/ and /a:pa:pa:/. The subjects produced the intervocalic /p/ in 4 different situations: 1) /i:pi:pi:/ with voiceless /p/, 2) /i:pi:pi:/ with voiced /p/, 3) /a:pa:pa:/ with voiceless /p/, and 4) /a:pa:pa:/ with voiced /p/. A t-test and a correlation analysis revealed the following results. First, when we measured subglottic air pressure by /i:pi:pi:/, voiceless /p/ was significantly different from voiced /p/. Second, when we measured subglottic air pressure by /a:pa:pa:/, voiceless /p/ was significantly different from voiced /p/. Therefore, it was concluded that voiceless /p/ produced more accurate subglottic air pressure and clinicians needed to have patients produce accurate /p/ when measuring subglottic air pressure using Aerophone II.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.1760-1768
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• 2004

P2P(Peer-to-Peer)는 중앙서버 없이 개인간에 직접적인 연결을 통하여 디지털 자원(mp3, software, game, video 등)을 효과적으로 공유하는 방식으로 기존의 클라이언트/서버 방식과 달리 관련 프로그램만으로 디지털 자원에 대한 손쉬운 공유 및 교환이 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 P2P 기술을 서버가 중재자 역할을 하는 기존의 전자상거래 방식에 적용하여 구매자와 판매자가 직접적인 통신을 통하여 상거래를 수행할 수 있도록 한다. 또한, 특정 제품 구매시 해당 제품을 사용한 구매자들로부터 얻은 제품에 대한 신뢰값인 평판(reputation)을 참조하여 구매 제품에 대한 신뢰성을 향상시키고, 제품 교환과 지불이 정상적으로 수행될 수 있도록 보증 역할을 담당하는 ES(Escrow Server)를 사용하여 공정성(fairness)을 보장하는 P2P 방식의 새로운 e-Commerce 모델을 제안하고자 한다.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.676-680
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• 1995

The nucleotide sequence of Xbal-Mbol fragment of pKH7, a chloramphenicol-resistant($Cm^{r}$) plasmid isolated from multidrug-resistant S. aureus SA2, has been determined. Xbal-Mbol fragment of pKH7 was found to contain two ORFs. One ORF encoded Rap and the other encoded CAT protein. The deduced amino acid sequences of Rep and CAT of pKH7 were compared to those of pUB112 and pC221. Comparisons revealed that there was one amino acid difference in CAT between pKH7 and pUB112. CAT of pKH7 exhibited 98.6% amino acid identity to that of pC221. In case of Rep proteins, a slightly lower homology of 96.4% and 86.7% in amino acid sequences was observed between pKH7 and pUB112 and between pKH7 and pC221, respectively.