• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.632-638
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• 2014

We investigated the effects of DMAB (Borane dimethylamine complex, C2H10BN) in electroless Ni-B film with addition of DMAB as reducing agent for electroless Ni plating. The electroless Ni-B films were formed by electroless plating of near neutral pH (pH 6.5 and pH 7) at $50^{\circ}C$. The electroless plated Ni-B films were coated on screen printed Ag pattern/PET (polyethylene terephthalate). According to the increase of DMAB (from 0 to 1 mole), the deposition rate and the grain size of electroless Ni-B film increased and the boron (B) content also increased. In crystallinity of electroless Ni-B films, an amorphization reaction was enhanced in the formation of Ni-B film with an increasing content of DMAB; the Ni-B film with < 1 B at.% had a weak fcc structure with a nano crystalline size, and the Ni-B films with > 5 B at.% had an amorphous structure. In addition, the Ni-B film was selectively grown on the printed Ag paste layer without damage to the PET surface. From this result, we concluded that formation of electroless Ni-B film is possible by a neutral process (~green process) at a low temperature of $50^{\circ}C$.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

A pathos block line cut-vertex graph of a tree T, written P BL_c(T), is a graph whose vertices are the blocks, cut-vertices, and paths of a pathos of T, with two vertices of P BL_c(T) adjacent whenever the corresponding blocks of T have a vertex in common or the edge lies on the corresponding path of the pathos or one corresponds to a block B_i of T and the other corresponds to a cut-vertex c_j of T such that c_j is in B_i; two distinct pathos vertices P_m and P_n of P BL_c(T) are adjacent whenever the corresponding paths of the pathos P_m(v_i, v_j) and P_n(v_k, v_l) have a common vertex. We study the properties of P BL_c(T) and present the characterization of graphs whose P BL_c(T) are planar; outerplanar; maximal outerplanar; minimally nonouterplanar; eulerian; and hamiltonian. We further show that for any tree T, the crossing number of P BL_c(T) can never be one.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.471-479
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• 1999

Background: Patients with tetralogy of Fallot(TOF), pulmonary atresia(PA) and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries(MAPCAs) have been managed by heterogenous surgical strategies. We have taken 5 different surgical approaches to this lesion. In this study, relative advantages and disadvantages of each strategy were discussed by analyzing our surgical results. Material and Method: Between January 1986 and June 1998, 50 patients aged 1 to 177(39${\pm}$31) months at a various morphologic spectrum of this lesion were treated at our institution. The groups, which were classified according to the initial approaches, consisted of one-stage unifocalization(A-1, n=9), staged unifocalization(A-2, n=11), right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection(RV-PA)(B-1, n=11), one-stage RV-PA plus unifocalization (B-2, n=11), and one-stage definitive repair(C, n=8). Morphologic charateristics, operative mortalities, and probabilities of definitive repair were compared between the groups and the causes of death, complications and the follow-up results were described. Result: Mean ages at the first operation were 57${\pm}$18(A-1), 42${\pm}$48(A-2), 18${\pm}$14(B-1), 52${\pm}$55(B-2), and 32${\pm}$34(C) months (p<0.05). Mean numbers of MAPCAs were least in group C (A-1=4.3${\pm}$1.0, A-2=4.5${\pm}$1.3, B-1=4.1${\pm}$1.9, B-2=4.1${\pm}$1.6, C=3.4${\pm}$1.8 : p<0.05). The ratios of the direct and the indirect MAPCAs in each group were not different between the grousps (A-1=91%/9%, A-2=78%/22%, B-1=80%/20%, B-2=80%/20%, C=81%/19% : p>0.05). Nineteen patients had more than 1 dependent MAPCAs. True pulmonary arteries were not present 13 patients and they were confluent in 29. A total of 101 operations were performed. Operative mortalities of initial procedures were 33%(3/9, A-1), 18%(2/11, A-2), 0%(0/11, B-1), 36%(5/11, B-2) and 13%(1/8, C) (p<0.05). Percentages of the definitive repair among the patients of each group were 22%(2/9, A-1), 18%(2/11, A-2). 45%(5/11, B-1), 27%(4/11, B-2), and 100%(8/8, C)(p<0.05). Hypoxic respiratory and cardiac failure(6), hypoxic encephalopathy(2) and sepsis(4) were the major causes of death. Phrenic nerve palsy occured in 5 patients. Thirty-one patients among the survivals have been followed up for a mean duration of 74${\pm}$42(3-145) months. One and five year actuarial survival rates were 73% and 73 %. Conclusion: In conclusion, Right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection used in patients with TOF/PA/MAPCA as an inital procedure appeared to be highly successful in enhancing the chance of satisfactory definitive repair without the significant surgical risks. One-stage total repair at an ealier age group could be performed safely with the resonable outcomes. Unifocalization approach, whether it was performed in a single stage or in the multiple stages, resulted in the high operative mortality and the lowest chance of definitive repair, however more tailored selection of the patients and the long follow-up is mandatory to prove the usefulness of this approach.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.282-288
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• 2004

Inclusion selectivities of the cyanocadmate host complexes with ammonium oniums, $[Cd_x(CN)_{2x}][onium{\cdot}zG]$ (onium = $NMe_3Et^+$, $NMeEt{_3}^+$ and $NEt{_4}^+$, G = guest), have been investigated for $C_6H_6$ (B), PhMe (T), PhEt (E), ortho (O), meta (M), and para (P) isomers of $C_6H_4Me_2$ as the aromatic guest molecules. From the binary, ternary, quaternary and quinary mixed guests of B, T, E, O, M and P, the order of preference in the $NMe_3Et+$-host is $B{\gg}$T>P${\fallingdotseq}O{\fallingdotseq}M$ and E>O${\gg}P{\fallingdotseq}M$; in the $NMeEt{_3}^+$-host is T>B>P${\gg}O{\fallingdotseq}M$ and E>P${\gg}$M>O; in the $NEt{_4}^+$-host is $B{\gg}T{\fallingdotseq}O{\fallingdotseq}M{\fallingdotseq}P$. However, the $NEt{_4}^+$-host complexes of E, O, M and P mixed-guests were not obtained. These inclusion selectivities were compared to our previous results of the $NMe{_4}^+$-host; T>B>P${\gg}$M>O and E>P${\gg}$M>O.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and mixed diboride of (Zr0.7Ta0.3)B2 containing 30 vol.% silicon carbide (SiC) composites were prepared by hot-pressing at $1800^{\circ}C$. XRD analysis identified the high crystalline metal diboride-SiC composites at $1800^{\circ}C$. The TaB2 addition to ZrB2-SiC showed a slight peak shift to a higher angle of 2-theta of ZrB2, which confirmed the presence of a homogeneous solid solution. Elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness were slightly increased by addition of TaB2. A volatility diagram was calculated to understand the oxidation behavior. Oxidation behavior was investigated at $1500^{\circ}C$ under ambient and low oxygen partial pressure (pO2~10-8 Pa). In an ambient environment, the TaB2 addition to the ZrB2-SiC improved the oxidation resistance over entire range of evaluated temperatures by formation of a less porous oxide layer beneath the surface SiO2. Exposure of metal boride-SiC at low pO2 resulted in active oxidation of SiC due to the high vapor pressure of SiO (g), and, as a result, it produced a porous surface layer. The depth variations of the oxidized layer were measured by SEM. In the ZrB2-SiC composite, the thickness of the reaction layer linearly increased as a function of time and showed active oxidation kinetics. The TaB2 addition to the ZrB2-SiC composite showed improved oxidation resistance with slight deviation from the linearity in depth variation.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.150-156
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• 2001

Nea-inositol is triclinic P???, with a =4.799(1), b=6.520(1), c=6.505(1) Å, α=70.61(1), β=69.41(1), γ=73.66(1)°, Z=1, molecular symmetry ???. Scyllo-inositol, from A, is monoclinic, P2₂/c, with a=5.089(1), c=11.948(2)Å, β=116.98(2)°, Z=2, molecular symmetry ???. Form B is triclinic, P???, with a=6.725(1), b=6.797(1), c=8.635(2)° Å, α=95.45(2), β=99.49(2), γ=99.19(2)°, Z=2, molecular symmetry ???. This crystal structure is pseudo-monoclinic, having two centrosymmetrical molecules with the almost identical conformation and orientation in the crystal lattice. The molecules have the expected chair conformations with puckering parameters of Q=0.609(2)Å for n대, 0.581(2)Å for Scyllo-A, and 0.566(2) Å for Scyllo-B. The bond lengths and angles are normal, C-C, 1.505 to 1.531 8A, C-O, 1.415 to 1.440 Å, C-C-C, 108.2 to 112.9°. The molecules are linked by systems of finite and infinite chains of hydrogen bonds.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2008

One fresh equine cadaver (two forelimbs) and five non-lamed thoroughbreds (ten sound forelimbs) were examined ultrasonographically through 5.0 MHz linear array transducer with a stand-off pad in palmar pastern region. The normal transverse ultrasonographic images of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), straight sesamoidean ligament (SSL), oblique sesamoidean ligament (OSL), and medium scutum could be identified at the region. The mean $\pm$ SD (min.$\sim$max. $mm^2$) of SDFT cross-sectional areas at P1A, P1B, P1C in the region were $110.00{\pm}5.38$ ($100{\sim}128$), $100.00{\pm}5.02$ ($90{\sim}111$), $114.00{\pm}3.33$ ($104{\sim}124$), respectively. The mean $\pm$ SD (min.$\sim$max. $mm^2$) of DDFT cross-sectional areas at each phalanx (P1A, P1B, P1C, P2A, P2B) were $136.00{\pm}4.83$ ($125{\sim}147$), $94.00{\pm}5.43$ ($85{\sim}108$), $99.00{\pm}4.87$ ($90{\sim}111$), $115.00{\pm}3.67$ ($108{\sim}124$), $135.00{\pm}3.65$ ($125{\sim}145$), respectively. The mean ratio of SDFT of P1B to DDFT was 0.74, 1.06, 1.01, 0.87, 0.74 at P1A, P1B, P1C, P2A, P2B, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.320-332
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• 2018

Background: This study was performed to clarify the effect of SLCO1B1 T521C on statin-induced myotoxicity. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for all published studies between database inception and April 2018. Using Review Manager 5, the pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined to assess the effect of SLCO1B1 T521C on statin-induced myotoxicity by using different genetic models. Results: Eleven observational studies and one randomized controlled trial were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed that the incidence of statin-induced myotoxicity was significantly associated with the SLCO1B1 521C variant allele. Among patients using statins, the incidence of myotoxicity was higher in those carrying the 521TC or 521CC variant than in those carrying the 521TT variant in the dominant model (TC + CC vs TT, OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.05; p = 0.001). The 521TC genotype was associated with a higher risk of myotoxicity than the 521TT genotype (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.86; p = 0.009). Furthermore, the incidence of myotoxicity was higher in 521CC carriers than in 521TC carriers (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.83; p = 0.02) and noticeably higher in 521CC carriers than in 521TT carriers (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.23, 4.17; p = 0.009). Conclusion: The identification of individuals with the SLCO1B1 521C variant allele prior to the initiation of statin therapy might be useful to predict the risk of toxicity development, determine the individual dose, and prevent myotoxicity.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.417-426
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• 2011

Let ${\mu}$ be a finite positive Borel measure on the unit ball $B{\subset}{\mathbb{C}}^n$ and ${\nu}$ be the Euclidean volume measure such that ${\nu}(B)=1$. For the unit sphere $S=\{z:{\mid}z{\mid}=1\}$, ${\sigma}$ is the rotation-invariant measure on S such that ${\sigma}(S) =1$. Let ${\mathcal{P}}[f]$ be the Poisson-$Szeg{\ddot{o}}$ integral of f and $\tilde{\mu}$ be the Berezin transform of ${\mu}$. In this paper, we show that if there is a constant M > 0 such that ${\int_B}{\mid}{\mathcal{P}}[f](z){\mid}^pd{\mu}(z){\leq}M{\int_B}{\mid}{\mathcal{P}}[f](z){\mid}^pd{\nu}(z)$ for all $f{\in}L^p(\sigma)$, then ${\parallel}{\tilde{\mu}}{\parallel}_{\infty}{\equiv}{\sup}_{z{\in}B}{\mid}{\tilde{\mu}}(z){\mid}<{\infty}$, and we show that if ${\parallel}{\tilde{\mu}{\parallel}_{\infty}<{\infty}$, then ${\int_B}{\mid}{\mathcal{P}}[f](z){\mid}^pd{\mu}(z){\leq}C{\mid}{\mid}{\tilde{\mu}}{\mid}{\mid}_{\infty}{\int_S}{\mid}f(\zeta){\mid}^pd{\sigma}(\zeta)$ for some constant C.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2015

The optical properties of InP/GaP short-period superlattice (SPS) structures grown at various temperatures from $400^{\circ}C$ to $490^{\circ}C$ have been investigated by using temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) and emission wavelength-dependent time-resolved PL measurements. The PL peak energy for SPS samples decreases as the growth temperature increases. The decreased PL energy of ~10 meV for the sample grown at $425^{\circ}C$ compared to that for $400^{\circ}C$-grown sample is due to the CuPt-B type ordering, while the SPS samples grown at $460^{\circ}C$ and $490^{\circ}C$ exhibit the significant reduction of the PL peak energies due to the combined effects of the formation of lateral composition modulation (LCM) and CuPt-B type ordering. The SPS samples with LCM structure show the enhanced carrier lifetime due to the spatial separation of carriers. This study represents that the bandgap energy of InP/GaP SPS structures can be controlled by varying growth temperature, leading to LCM formation and CuPt-B type ordering.