• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1177-1195
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• 2015

Six specimens are tested to investigate the cyclic behavior of beam-to-column abnormal joints in steel moment-resisting frames, which are designed according to the principle of strong-member and weak-panel zone. Key parameters include the axial compression ratio of column and the section depth ratio of beams. Experimental results indicate that four types of failure patterns occurred during the loading process. The $P-{\Delta}$ hysteretic loops are stable and plentiful, but have different changing tendency at the positive and negative direction in the later of loading process due to mechanical behaviors of specimens. The ultimate strength tends to increase with the decrease of the section depth ratio of beams, but it is not apparent relationship to the axial compression ratio of column, which is less than 0.5. The top panel zone has good deformation capacity and the shear rotation can reach to 0.04 rad. The top panel zone and the bottom panel zone don't work as a whole. Based on the experimental results, the equation for shear strength of the abnormal joint panel zone is established by considering the restriction of the bottom panel zone to the top panel zone, which is suitable for the abnormal joint of H-shaped or box column and beams with different depths.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.791-797
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• 2004

We proposed a novel digital video watermarking that embeds dual watermarks in the block DCT domain to solve the deadlock problem. Daul watermarks are composed of private watermarks and robust blind watermarks. Firstly, private watermarks are embedded into the lowest AC coefficients of the P or B-frames in accordance with the motion direction gained from a previous frame. Secondly, blind watermarks that have the robustness are inserted into the DC coefficients of the I-frames using a private key made from temporal I-frame motion information. Thus, when a deadlock situation occurs, the proposed algorithm can efficiently solve the problem. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed algorithm can produce good subjective and objective results for MPEG coding with a variety of bit rates. Furthermore, the proposed watermarking algorithm can potentially be applied to broadcasting monitoring systems due to its simplicity and high robustness.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.487-504
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• 2013

In the present work a new friction device, with a set of single or double rotational friction flanges and a link element, is described and tested. The mechanism may be applied for the strengthening of existing r/c or steel buildings as well as in new constructed buildings. The device has selectable variable behavior in different levels of displacement and an interlock mechanism that is provided by the link element. The link element may be designed to lock at preselected level of displacement, offering in this way an extra safety reserve against strong earthquakes. A summary of the existing literature about other similar mechanisms is initially presented in this paper. The proposed mechanism is presented and described in details. Laboratory experiments are presented in detail and the resulted response that proves the efficiency of the mechanism at selectable levels of strength capacity is discussed. Drawings of the mechanism attached to a r/c frame with connection details are also included. Finally a dynamic analysis of two r/c frames, with and without the proposed mechanism attached, is performed and the resulted response is given. The main conclusion is that the proposed mechanism is a cheap and efficient devise for the improvement of the performance of new or existing framed buildings to seismic loads.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.623-633
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• 2018

A robust element is essential for successful design of steel frames with Direct analysis (DA) method. To this end, an innovative and efficient curved-quartic-function (CQF) beam-column element using the fourth-order polynomial shape function with end-springs in series is proposed for practical applications of DA. The member initial imperfection is explicitly integrated into the element formulation, and, therefore, the P-${\delta}$ effect can be directly captured in the analysis. The series of zero-length springs are placed at the element ends to model the effects of semi-rigid joints and material yielding. One-element-per-member model is adopted for design bringing considerable savings in computer expense. The incremental secant stiffness method allowing for large deflections is used to describe the kinematic motion. Finally, several problems are studied in this paper for examining and validating the accuracy of the present formulations. The proposed element is believed to make DA simpler to use than existing elements, which is essential for its successful and widespread adoption by engineers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.221-231
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• 2019

This paper performs for the first time a simultaneous optimization for members sections along with semi-rigid beam-to-column connections for space steel frames with fixed, semi-rigid, and hinged bases using a biogeography-based optimization algorithm (BBO) and a genetic algorithm (GA). Furthermore, a member's sections optimization for a fully fixed space frame is carried out. A real and accurate simulation of semi-rigid connection behavior is considered in this study, where the semi-rigid base connections are simulated using Kanvinde and Grilli (2012) nonlinear model, which considers deformations in different base connection components under the applied loads, while beam-to-column connections are modeled using the familiar Frye and Morris (1975) nonlinear polynomial model. Moreover, the $P-{\Delta}$ effect and geometric nonlinearity are considered. AISC-LRFD (2016) specification constraints of the stress and displacement are considered as well as section size fitting constraints. The optimization is applied to two benchmark space frame examples to inspect the effect of semi-rigidity on frame weight and drift using BBO and GA algorithms.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 1993

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1으로부터 생산된 살충성 내독소 단백질을 coding하는 CryIIA 유전자를 클로닝하고 염기서열을 조사하였다. HD-1 균주의 12개 plasmid 중 225kb plasmid를 분리하여 CryIIA 유전자를 포함하는 5kb HindIII 절편을 hybridization하여 찾아냈다. 이 절편을 plasmid pUC19에 ligation하여 E. coli에 형질 전환하였다. 이 독소 유전자를 포함하는 4kb BamHI-HindIII 절편은 vector pT7-5에 ligation하여 pSKIIA라하였다. pSKIIA는 3개의 open reading frames(orf1, orf2, orf3)로 구성되어 있으며 염기서열은 3,952base로 되어 있었다. 이러한 3개의 orf 각각의 발현 여부를 확인하기 위하여 생물검정을 하였다. 그러나 orf1 또는 orf2에 의한 형질 전환체는 독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. orf3를 포함하는 형질 전환체는 3종의 나비목 곤충(배추점나방, 담배거세미나방, 담배나방) 및 1종의 파리목 곤충(집모기) 유충에 대하여 독성을 나타내었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.396-401
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• 2009

The nucleotide sequence contains 2 open reading frames encoding a 45-amino-acid protein homologous to a transcriptional repressor protein CopG, and a 203-amino-acid protein homologous to a replication protein RepB. Putative countertranscribed RNA, a double-strand origin, and a single-strand origin were also identified. A shuttle vector, pUCL2.1, for various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was constructed on the basis of the pCL2.1 replicon, into which an erythromycin-resistance gene as a marker and Escherichia coli ColE1 replication origin were inserted. pUCL2.1 was introduced into E. coli, Lc. lactis, Lactobacillus (Lb.) plantarum, Lb. paraplantarum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The recombinant LAB maintained traits of transformed plasmid in the absence of selection pressure over 40 generations. Therefore, pUCL2.1 could be used as an E. coli/LAB shuttle vector, which is an essential to engineer recombinant LAB strains that are useful for food fermentations.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2003

MPEG-2 소스 부호화 알고리즘은 가변장 부호화를 사용하기 때문에 채널 오류에 매우 민감하다. 압축 데이터가 전송되는 동안 비트 오류가 발생하게 되고, 이 오류를 정정 기술로 보정할 수 없는 경우 디코더에서는 오류 은닉 방식을 사용함으로써 영상의 화질 저하를 최소화할 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘은 I 프레임의 연속적인 매크로블록 오류를 은닉하기 위한 방식으로 I 프레임과 시간적으로 가장 가까이 위치한 이전 GOP의 B 프레임의 시간적 정보와 P 프레임의 공간적 정보를 이용한다. 이 방식은 기존의 오류 은닉 방식들이 갖는 시간적 오류에 의한 움직임 왜곡과 공간적 오류에 의한 번짐 현상을 개선할 수 있으며, 전송 오류가 매우 심한 망에서의 심각한 슬라이스 오류를 보다 효과적으로 은닉할 수 있다. 알고리즘은 MPEG-2 비디오 코덱에서 수행되었고 모의 실험을 통하여 다른 방식들에 비하여 I 프레임의 슬라이스 오류를 효율적으로 은닉할 수 있음을 증명한다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

본 논문에서 소개하는 새로운 라우팅 프로토콜은 무선 멀티미디어 센서 네트워크에서 다중경로와 다중 우선순위 기반의 라우팅 프로토콜 (MMRP)이다. 제안된 MMRP는 소스부터 싱크까지 다중 라우팅 경로를 선택하고, 선택된 라우팅 경로 내의 잔여 에너지와 전송지연에 따라서 우선순위 레벨이 할당된다. 즉, MPEG 비디오의 경우 높은 우선순위를 갖는 I 프레임은 높은 우선순위의 라우팅 경로를 통해 전송이 되며, P와 B 프레임의 경우 낮은 우선순위를 갖는 라우팅 경로를 통해 전송되도록 한다. 제안된 MMRP 프로토콜은 무선 멀티미디어 센서 네트워크에서 낮은 전력소모 특성을 만족하면서 작은 전송 지연을 고려하는 시간 민감 응용 분야에 적용이 가능하다. MMRP 프로토콜에 대한 시뮬레이션 결과는 다중경로 라우팅을 지원하거나 지원하지 않는 프로토콜과 비교 시, 에너지 절약적인 부분에서는 23.48%에서 23.11% 그리고 지연 부분에서는 81.6%에서 32.01%로 향상을 보였다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2005

탄성좌굴 고유치해석을 이용한 유효좌굴길이 산정법과 2차 탄성해석기법을 이용하여 축력과 휨모멘트를 받는 강절프레임의 보-기둥부재에 대하여 개선된 좌굴설계법을 제안한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 안정함수를 이용하여 보-기둥요소의 접선강성행렬을 유도하고, 탄성좌굴 고유치해석을 이용한 유효좌굴길이 산정법을 고찰한다. 또한 강절프레임에 대하여 소위 P-Delta 효과를 고려하는 2차 해석법을 제시한다. 해석예제를 통하여 먼저 2차 탄성해석과 기하학적 비선형해석에 의한 결과를 비교하여 2차 해석의 정확성을 검증하고, 강절프레임에 대한 기존의 설계법과 본 연구의 개선된 좌굴설계법에 대한 수치결과를 비교, 검토를 행한다.