• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1086-1090
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• 2001

In this paper, a method deciding the permissible gains of the P and PT controllers for a retarded process under stable condition is proposed. For analysis, the controlled process is assumed to be first-order system with time delay. At first, the adjustable parameter sets causing stability limit are obtained based on the frequency domain condition which makes the roots of the characteristic equation locate on the imaginary axis. And the cut-in frequency ${\omega}_p$ to bring the parameter set to P control from PI control is derived is derived in terms of L and $T_m$ then ${\omega}_p$ is used to compute the maximum gain with stable condition. The results indicate that the permissible controller gains can be described by a unique if parameters L and $T_m$ are know.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06b
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• pp.77-80
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• 2002

In this paper, InP-based HBTs have been optimally designed by numerical simulation and fabricated by the self-aligned process. The structure of HBT was designed in terms of the current gain*f$_{max}$ for the base and f$_{T}$*f$_{max}$ for the collector. The designed structure produced the current gain of about 50 and the cutoff frequency and the maximum oscillation frequency of 87GHz and 2940Hz respectively. In addition, we present a study of the vertical and lateral etching of InP with the mask sides parallel to the principal crystallographic axes, [0101 and (001). This etching characteristics arc used to fabricate self-aligned HBT structures with reduced parasitic effects.s.s.s.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2017

Objective: Two trials were conducted in order to examine the effects of level of supplemental methionine on productive performance, dietary energetic, plasma amino acid concentration, and digestive function. Methods: Dietary treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based diet containing urea as the only source of supplemental nitrogen supplemented with no supplemental amino acid (control), or control plus 1.01% lysine and 0.032%, 0.064%, 0.096%, or 0.128% methionine. In Trial 1, 150 Holstein steer calves ($127{\pm}4.9kg$) were utilized to evaluate the influence of treatments on growth-performance, dietary energetic, plasma amino acid concentration during the first 112 days of growing period. During the initial 56-d period calves received the 5 experimental diets. During the subsequent 56-d period all calves were fed the control diet. Results: During the initial 56-d period, methionine supplementation increased (linear effect, p<0.01) plasma methionine. In the presence of supplemental lysine, increases on level of methionine in diet did not affect average daily gain. However, increased gain efficiency (quadratic effect, p = 0.03) and estimated dietary net energy (NE; linear effect, p = 0.05). Estimated metabolizable methionine supply was closely associated ($R^2=0.95$) with efficiency NE utilization for maintenance and gain. During the subsequent 56-d period, when all calves received the control diet (no amino acid supplementation), plasma amino acid concentrations and growth performance was not different among groups. However, the effects of methionine supplementation during the initial 56-period carried over, so that following a 56-d withdrawal of supplementation, the overall 112-d effects on gain efficiency (quadratic effect, p = 0.05) dietary NE (linear effect, $p{\leq}0.05$) remained appreciable. In Trial 2, 5 cannulated Holstein steers were used to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion and amino acid supply to the small intestine. There were no treatment effects on flow of dietary and microbial N to the small intestine. Postruminal N digestion increased (p = 0.04) with increasing level of supplemental methionine. Methionine supplementation linearly increased (p<0.01) duodenal flow of methionine. Likewise, lysine supplementation increased an average of 4.6% (p = 0.04) duodenal flow of lysine. In steers that received non-supplemented diet, observed intestinal amino acid supply were in good agreement with expected. Conclusion: We conclude that addition of rumen-protected methionine and lysine to diets may enhance gain efficiency and dietary energetics of growing Holstein calves. Observed amino acid supply to the small intestine were in good agreement with expected, supportive of NRC (2000, Level 1).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.36D no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1999

o.25${\mu}m$ T-shaped gate P-HEMT is fabricated and used for design of X0band three stage monolithic microwave integrated circuit(MMIC) low noise amplifier(LNA). The fabricated P-HEMT exhibits an extrinsis transconductance of 400mS/mm and a drain current of 400mA/mm. The RF and noise characteristics show that the current gain cut off frequency is 65GHz and minimum noise figure(NFmin) of 0.7dB with an associated gain of 14.8dB at 9GHz. In the design of the three stage LNA, we have used the inductive series feedback circuit topology with the short stub. The effects of series feedback to the noise figure, the gain, and the stability have been investigated to find the optimal short stub length. The designed three staage LNA showed a gain of above 33dB, a noise figure of under 1.2dB, and ainput/output return loss of under 15dB and 14dB, respectively. The results show that the fabricated P-HEMT is very suitable for a X-band LNA with high gain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.378-385
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of variety and growing conditions of wheat on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and sixty-four wheat samples, collected from a wide range of different sources, locations, varieties and years, were analyzed for a range of chemical and physical parameters. Chemical and physical parameters measured included specific weight, thousand grain weight (TG), in vitro viscosity, gross energy, N, NDF, starch, total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), lysine, threonine, amylose, hardness, rate of starch digestion and protein profiles. Ninety-four of the wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolizm cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were determined weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, DM retention, oil and NDF digestibility. At 28 d the birds were sacrificed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal DM, starch and protein digestibility. The wheat samples used in the study had wide-ranging chemical and physical parameters, leading to bird DMI, LWG, gain:feed, ME:GE, AME content and ileal starch and protein digestibility being significantly (p<0.05) affected by wheat sample. A high level of N fertilizer application to the English and NI wheat samples tended to benefit bird performance, with increases of up to 3.4, 7.2 and 3.8% in DMI, LWG and gain:feed, respectively. Fungicide application also appeared to have a positive effect on bird performance, with fungicide treated (+F) wheat increasing bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed by 6.6, 9.3 and 2.7%, over the non-fungicide treated (-F) wheats. An increase (p<0.1) of 9.3% in gain:feed was also observed at the low seed rate of 40 compared to 640 seeds/$m^2$. It was concluded that the type of wheat sample and environmental growing conditions significantly affects bird performance when fed wheat-based diets.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.155-158
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• 1997

In this paper, we present new results concerning the relationship between the input-output and Lyapunov stability of nonlinear system possessing a periodic orbit. Definition of small-signal finite-gain L$\sub$p/ stability around periodic orbit is introduced. We show L$\sub$p/ stability of exponentially stable periodic orbit using quadratic Lyapunov functions for the periodic orbit. The L$\sub$2/ gain analysis is presented with Hamiltonian-Jacobi inequality along with an example.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.682-686
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• 2002

Ten growing male buffalo calves (aged 6-8 months, average body weight $88.2{\pm}0.57$ kg were divided randomly into two groups. Animals in group I were fed on concentrate mixture A (CP 20.2%, TDN 77.4%) and urea- ammoniated wheat straw (UAWS) while the animals in group II were fed on concentrate mixture B (CP 17.9%, TDN 77.6%) and HCl plus urea treated wheat straw (HCl UAWS) to meet their nutrient requirement for 500 g gain/d as per Kearl (1982). This feeding practice lasted for 120 days, during which fortnightly body weight were recorded to assess their growth rate. A metabolism trial was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding to compare the digestibility of nutrients, their balance, plane of nutrition and relative cost of feeding in two groups of animals. Results revealed a significant increase in the CP content of ammoniated wheat straw due to addition of HCl viz 12.1% from 7.5%. There was a decrease in the intake of DM (p<0.05), OM (p<0.05), EE (p<0.05), NDF (p<0.01), ADF (p<0.01), cellulose (p<0.01) and hemicellulose (p<0.01) in group II as compared to group I. The digestibility (%) of DM, OM and CP was significantly (p<0.01) more in group II, whereas the digestibility (%) was significantly more for NDF (p<0.05) and hemicellulose (p<0.01) in group I than group II. There was no significant difference in the N, Ca and P balance in two groups. Intake of total DM (g/d) or (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was significantly (p<0.01) more in group I as compared to group II, whereas the intake of DCP and TDN (g/d or g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was alike in two groups. The total body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g/d) and feed conversion efficiency were significantly (p<0.01) more in UAWS fed group as compared to HCl UAWS fed group. Feeding cost (Rs./kg. weight gain) was significantly (p<0.05) more in group II as compared to group I. It is concluded that HCl UAWS is not suitable for the feeding of growing buffalo calves as it reduced the growth rate in comparison to UAWS fed buffalo calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1129-1132
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• 2001

Seventy-two Korean native bulls, with an average initial body weight of $247.2{\pm}2.34kg$ were used to determine the effect of different flaked lupin seed inclusion levels (0%, 15% and 30%; Control, LS15, LS30, respectively) on growth with a $3{\times}3$ randomized complete block design at the experimental farm of TS Corporation in Korea for 150 days. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG) and feed:gain among treatments, However, LS30 increased concentrate intake and total feed intake (p<0.05) and decreased rice straw intake compared with Control and LS 15 (p<0.05), With inclusion of flaked lupin seeds, concentrate intake and total feed intake increased (p<0.01) and rice straw intake decreased (p<0.05) compared with Control. There were no specific changes in the health status of animals used in this experiment with inclusion of flaked lupin seeds in concentrates. Inclusion of flaked lupin seeds in the concentrates showed a tendency of reduced average daily total feed cost per kg weight gain compared with Control by 1.6% and 3.4%, respectively, in LS15 and LS30.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.425-430
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• 2006

Three hundred and sixty sexed 3-day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into six treatment groups (control, antibiotic and black cumin at four levels) of 60 birds each. Black cumin seeds at 0.5%, 1%, 2% or 3% and avilamycin at 10 mg/kgt were added to the basal diet and their effects determined on feed intake, daily live weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics. There were no significant differences in daily feed intake at 21 and 42 days (p>0.05). Average daily gain was significantly different between the treatments. The birds fed the diet containing 1% black cumin seeds and antibiotic were the highest average daily gain, followed by those the other treatment diets and negative control (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 days of age, feed conversion ratios were improved significantly by supplementation with 1% black cumin seeds and with antibiotic (p<0.05) by approximately 5% compared to the control group. Similarly, the highest cold carcass, thigh, breast, wing, neck and liver weights were observed in the 1% black cumin and antibiotic groups (p<0.05). Accordingly, 1% supplementation of black cumin seeds to diets could be considered as an alternative natural growth promoter for poultry instead of antibiotics.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the yoga during pregnancy on the maternal weight, delivery experience and infant birth weight. Method: The nonequivalent control group pre test-post test design was used. The participants were the healthy pregnant women, whose pre-pregnancy BMI was normal, gestational period was more than 20 weeks. The final sample consisted of 21 mother-infant dyads for experimental group and 20 dyads for control group and who agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from February I st to December 15th, 2006. The Qi exercise prenatal program was carried out for 90 minutes a day, 2 times a week for 12 weeks. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 Program. Result: The degree of maternal weight gain(p<.001), labor pain(p<.001), discomfort after delivery(p<.001) and infant's birth weight(p<.00I) were significantly different between two groups. Conclusion: The yoga during pregnancy managed weight gain of mothers. Therefore, this study suggests that yoga during pregnancy to promotes stabilization can be beneficial for maintaining healthy weight, decreasing labor pain and discomfort after delivery for pregnant women and increasing infant's birth weight.