• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.578-585
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this research was to estimate dietary sodium exposure and to determine the sodium contents of school lunches in Incheon and Gangwon. In this study, we collected 1,334 samples from 8 elementary schools and 8 middle schools for 15 days. The average lunch intakes at the elementary and middle schools were $381.2{\pm}73.8g$ and $460.4{\pm}81.5g$, respectively. The sodium contents of main dishes, side dishes, and desserts were $49.7{\pm}105.6$ mg/100 g, $517.2{\pm}409.2$ mg/100 g, and $135.4{\pm}195.5$ mg/100 g, respectively. The average sodium intakes through lunch at the elementary and middle schools were $863.0{\pm}291.1$ mg and $1,052.1{\pm}323.4$ mg, and average potassium intakes were $571.1{\pm}193.0$ mg and $655.8{\pm}198.4$ mg, respectively. The results of this study show that sodium intake from school lunches is about 47% of the recommended daily intake (RDI, 2,000 mg per day) established by the WHO. Therefore, it is recommended that sodium exposure be continuously monitored.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.169-180
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the death recognition, meaning in life, and death attitude of participants in the death education program. Methods: A survey was conducted, and 205 data were collected. Descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA, and Duncan test were used. Results: 1) The followings were the characteristics of death recognition shown by the participants. Over half of the participants said that they had given some thoughts on their deaths, that they had agreeable view on death acceptance, and that diseases and volunteer works made them think about their deaths. Moreover, suffering, parting with family and concerns for them, etc. were the most common reasons for the difficulty of accepting death. As for 'the person whom I discuss my death with', spouse, friend, and son/daughter were the most chosen in this order. Lastly, the funeral type that most of the participants desired was cremation. 2) The means of meaning in life and death attitude were $2.92{\pm}0.29$ and $2.47{\pm}0.25$, respectively. There were significant differences between health status, meaning in life and death attitude. 3) A significant positive corelationship was found between meaning in life and death attitude (r=0.190, P=0.001). Conclusion: For an effective death education program that would fit each individual's situation, an educational content that can make a person understand the meaning of his or her life and death, includes knowledge to lessen the fear and anxiety of death, and helps a person heal from the loss of a family member is absolutely necessary.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.101-107
• /
• 2002

The essential oils isolated from leaves, flowers, stems, and fruits of Vitex rotundifolia by steam distillation and extraction (SDE) method were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 76 components detected by GC, 42 components were identified positively by GC-MS and GC co-injection with authentic standards, and 34 components were identified tentatively by mass spectral data only. They included 16 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 30 oxygenated hydrocarbons, 10 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 8 oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 3 diterpenes, and 9 miscellaneous components. The major components in the oil from the leaves were ${\alpha}-pinene$ (30.25%), 1,8-cineole (19.89%), sabinene (9.56%), ${\alpha}-terpineol$ (7.94%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (5.69%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.37%), and those in the flower oil were ${\alpha}-pinene$ (25.47%), 1,8-cineole (7.69%), manoyl oxide (6.21%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (4.20%), ${\alpha}-te.pineol$ (3.76%), and sabinene (2.78%). The major components in the oil from the stems were ${\alpha}-pinene$ (13.24%), ${\alpha}-terpineol$ (10.64%), 1,8-cineole (4.40%), manoyl oxide (4.02%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (2.39%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.21%) while those in the oil from the fruits were ${\alpha}-pinene$ (20.24%), 1,8-cineole (11.47%), ${\beta}P-pinene$ (9.79%), ${\alpha}-terpineol$ (7.08%), sabinene (3.68%), and limonene (2.77%). The percentage composition of monoterpenes in the oils from the leaves and the fruits were higher than in those from the flowers and the stems, whereas the oil from the flowers and the stems were characterized by a large content of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and other unknown high molecular weight components.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.3
• /
• pp.25-48
• /
• 1962

The polysaccharide C prepared from gum tragacanth powder (U. S. P. grade) by the precipitation method with 85% ethanol was a neutral polysaccharide, $[{\alpha}]^{30}_D-72.2$. The polysaccharide C consisted of L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose in the molar ratio 2:1:17:9 (Table 1, 2, 3, ). The polysaccharide C was methylated with dimethylsulphate and 40% NaOH, and Purdies regent. The hydrolyzate of fully methlated product ($[{\alpha}]^{22}_D-102$ in chloroform, the methoxy content 40.6%) was composed of 2, 3, 5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabofuranose (I), 3,4-di-O-methyl-L-rhamnopyranose (II), 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose (III), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactopyranose (IV), 2,4-di-O-methyl-L-arabopyranose (?), 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-galactose(VI), 2-O-methyl-D-arabinose (VII), and L-arabopyranose(VIII) (Table 4, 5, and Fig. 4). The first partial hydrolysis (A) of the polysaccharide C with 0.05N-HCl for 4.5 hours at $80-85^{\circ}C$ released only L-arabinose: the second hydrolysis (B) with 0.1N-HCl for 5 hours at $80-85^{\circ}C$, L-arabinose and D-galactose; and the third hydrolysis (C) with 0.3N-HCl at $90-95^{\circ}C$ in sealed tube, L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose. From the unhydrolyzate A' were found L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-galactose; from B' L-rhamnose, d-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose; and from C' D-xylose and D-galactose respectively (Table 6). The periodate consumption and formic acid production of the polysaccharide C were measured at various time intervals. After 120 hours periodat was consumed by 1.23 mole per $C_5H_8O_4$ and formic acid was produced 0.78 mole per $C_5H_8O_4$ (Table 7). Although a definite chemical structure for this polysaccharide C may not be formulated, experimental data, especially, from methylation, partial hydrolysie and determination of its molar ratio, and periodate analysis showed that the polysaccharide C is a highly branched polysaccharide and would be constructed of galactoaraban as a main chain residue and L-arabofuranose, D-galactopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}1)$-L-arabofuranose, D-xylopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}2)$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}1)$-L-arabofuranose, and L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}1)$-arabofuranose, and D-galactopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}2)$-L-arabopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}1)$-I-arabofuranose as a branch chain or end group (page 21).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.181-187
• /
• 2002

The overall objective of this study was to improve tomato fruit quality, while maximizing yield. The variety of 'Momotaro' was grown in the basic nutrient solution of 1.6 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ which was supplemented by three levels of seawater with EC 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ . Tomato plants were cultivated in cool seasons. Plant growth characteristics were compared between treatments, and fruits were classified to analyse fruit quality characteristics according to ripening stages： MG, Br, Br＋3, Br＋5, Br＋7 and Br＋10. Adding seawater generally did not affect the shoot growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, internode length and chlorophyll content. Adding seawater negatively affected yield parameters such as the height and weight of fruit, marketable fruit weight per plant and marketable fruit yield. Therefore, the more yield reduction was obtained with the increasing level of seawater treatment. Fruit quality was improved by seawater treatment. The degree of the effect for $^{\circ}$Bx degree and sugars were the highest with the EC of seawater 2.0~3.0 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ , and at the Br＋5~Br＋7 of ripening stages. The relative abundance of tomato flavor, volatile components, was not generally affected by the seawater treatment with an exception of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. The relative abundance of most volatile components increased as ripening progressed. The increment began at the Br stage and showed the highest increment at the Br＋5~Br＋7 stages. The results from these experiments suggest that seawater treatment of EC 3.6 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ for hydroponics is good for improving tomato quality. Fruit quality is the best at the Br＋5~Br＋7 ripening stages. It is considered that these results may be applied far use in hydroponic culture to improve fruit quality with minimum yield reduction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.226-236
• /
• 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the biological activities and main constituents of different parts (fruit, leaf, and stem) of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa). The total phenolic and flavonoidcontents, DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power were observed to follow the order of: leaves > stems > fruits, regardless of extraction solvents. The inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in Raw 264.7 cells was significantly higher in the aronialeaf extract-treated group than in the groups treated with stem and fruit extracts. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis was mainly composed of routine. In addition, the highest content level was measured in the case of the catechinmemberepigallocatechin witha higher value than that found in green tea. Theresults of this studyprovide useful information for understanding the chemical constituents and biological activities of aroniafruits and byproducts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.803-811
• /
• 2003

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics of yellow pigments in domestic and imported yellow croakers during distribution and storage. The croaker is generally adulterated by mixed color product of red and yellow pigment. This study found that the yellow pigment was stable during pH and temperature changes, but the red pigment was less stable than the yellow pigment. As for the light effect on the yellow pigment and the red pigment, there was no change in the remaining rate of the pigment stored in a dark place. The moisture content decreased according to the storage period, and the width of changes was large in the order of croaker stored at $5^{\circ}C$, croaker stored at $15^{\circ}C$ and dried croakers. The yellowness value of the abdomen of the adulterated white croaker did not show any large difference at the initial stage and for a storage period of 10 days at $5^{\circ}C$. However, the yellow croakers showed a decreasing trend according to the storage period at $15^{\circ}C$. The croaker can be generally adulterated by a mixed color of red and yellow pigment. For the texture change in accordance with the storage condition of the croakers, both the yellow and white croakers showed a gradually increasing trend of hardness when stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.228-232
• /
• 2007

Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) have been used to reduce nutrient loss through increasing fertilizer efficiency and to save labor. Several SRFs were developed for rice plant in Korea, but there is few for horticultural crop plants. Two slow-release complex fertilizers, 100T and 150T, which made for controlling nitrogen release time up to 100 and 150 days, respectively, were selected for the incubation test cto evaluate nitrogen (N) release rate in soil. The N of urea selected as the control was completely released within a week after application. Sixty three and 53% of total N were released from 110T and 150T of slow release fertilizers within 8th weeks after application, respectively. For pepper cultivation CF110 and CF150, new slow-release complex fertilizer, were made of mixing 40% of conventional fertilizer and 60% of 110T and 150T, respectively, based on the amount of recommended fertilizer for pepper cultivation $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O=190-112-149\;kg\;ha^{-1})$, and were totally applied before pepper transplanting in the field as the basal fertilizer. Inorganic N $(NH_4^+-N+NO_3^--N)$ concentration in soil was higher in the CF110 treatment than in the control (NPK) at all period of pepper cultivation. In the CF150 treatment concentration of inorganic N in soil was low compared to control up to 8th weeks after transplanting. However, there was no difference in plant height and nutrient content of pepper leave between CF110 treatment and the control. In comparison, plant height was significantly lower in CF150 than the control and CF110 treatments. Around 4% of fresh pepper yield was increased in CF110 compared to the control, but it was decreased to about 2% by CF150 treatment. Conclusively, CF110 form could be recommended as a slow release fertilizer for pepper cultivation.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.399-407
• /
• 2015

Sumaeyaksuk (Artemisia Argyi H.) is one of the original mugwort spices in Namhae-gun, Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of water extracts from dried and aging Sumaeyaksuk samples during the May-July harvest season. One (SD) was dried under shade for 12 days, while the other (AD) was aged for 7 days at $60^{\circ}C$ and then roasted for 220 minutes at over $90^{\circ}C$. Glucose was solely detected as a free sugar, and its SD and AD content were $0.42{\pm}0.02{\sim}0.43{\pm}0.01g/100g$, and $0.41{\pm}0.02{\sim}0.47{\pm}0.04g/100g$, respectively. The total phenolic contents of SD were $1.85{\pm}0.09{\sim}3.45{\pm}0.14g/100g$, which were higher than those of AD ($1.29{\pm}0.08{\sim}2.90{\pm}0.08g/100g$). The antioxidant activities of the water extract powder from each Sumaeyaksuk were assessed by different in vitro methods, such as the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP, and decoloration prevention activity in ${\beta}$-carotene linoleic system. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of AD extract were significantly higher than those of the SD extract (p<0.05). Moreover, at the concentrations of 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, $500{\mu}g/mL$, the FRAP of the SD-May extract showed $1.67{\pm}0.58{\sim}489.90{\pm}7.59{\mu}M$, while the AD-July extract showed $9.70{\pm}1.07{\sim}590.40{\pm}7.45{\mu}M$. The ${\beta}$-carotene decoloration prevention activity of the SD-May and AD-July extracts were $25.53{\pm}2.85{\sim}81.43{\pm}2.56%$, $35.98{\pm}2.22{\sim}79.00{\pm}1.42%$, respectively. Based on these results, the extracts of SD-May and AD-July were promising as a functional food source due to their high antioxidant activites.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.7
• /
• pp.957-964
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum spray drying conditions of soft persimmon latte using response surface methodology that is a statistical procedure used for optimization studies. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of independent variables, inlet temperature ($X_1$), air flow rate ($X_2$), and feed flow rate ($X_3$), on responses such as yield, water absorption index, and total phenolic compounds. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly affected all the responses. A maximum yield of 8.11 g was obtained at $90^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 51.82 mL/min of $X_2$ and 7.00 mL/min of $X_3$. A minimum water absorption index of 0.58 was obtained at $101^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 60.00 mL/min of $X_2$ and 17.00 mL/min of $X_3$. A maximum total phenolic compounds of $298.02{\mu}g/mL$ was obtained at $90^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 43.33 mL/min of $X_2$ and 17.00 mL/min of $X_3$. In conclusion, the best spray drying conditions were as follows: $X_1$, $90^{\circ}C$; $X_2$, 53 mL/min; $X_3$, 17 mL/min. Under those optimal conditions, the powder's yield (7.46 g), water absorption index (0.54), and the content of total phenolic compounds ($294.75{\mu}g/mL$) were estimated.