• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2015

Control efficacy was investigated with fungicides as 3 copper compound, 3 antibiotic fungicides and one fungicide containing to quinolone against the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum on NA medium and the disease occurrence on pepper seedlings. Among 7 fungicides, oxytetracycline was shown the highest activity against a growth of the pathogen in the agar diffusion method, but validamycin showed no activity against the pathogen. With $1000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of each copper fungicide as copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride+ dithianone and copper sulfate, 2.2, 1.3 and 1.5 mm in size of clear zone only could be found, respectively. In pepper seedling test, oxytetracycline showed a perfect activity in all treatments 7 days after inoculation. However, its activity was decreased from $500{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of treatment over the time. Copper fungicides showed the control efficacy lower than antibiotic fungicides except for validamycin. Based on the results, it was suggested that it would be better to use antibiotic fungicides than copper fungicides to control pepper bacterial wilt in the fields.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

Physicochemical properties of cross-linked rice starches were investigated. Swelling power of cross-linked rice starch increased at relatively lower temperature $(60^{\circ}C)$ than native rice starch $(70^{\circ}C)$. Cross-linked rice starch showed lower solubility $(1.7{\sim}6.1%)$ than native rice starch $(2.2{\sim}13.8%)$ and solubility is not significantly different with the amount of phosphorus oxychloride. Pasting temperature $(69.2{\sim}70.6^{\circ}C)$ and peak viscosity $(2,874{\sim}3,175\;cp)$ of cross-linked rice starch were lower than native starch $(71.6^{\circ}C,\;3,976\;cp)$, but holding strength $(2,177{\sim}2,708\;cp)$ and final viscosity $(3,424{\sim}3,826 \;cp)$ of cross-linked rice starch were higher than native starch (1,000 cp, 2,312 cp). DSC thermal transitions of cross-linked rice starches were shifted to a lower temperature than native rice starch but there was no significant difference in gelatinization enthalpy between native and cross-linked rice starches. X-ray diffraction pattern of both native and cross-linked rice starches showed typical A-type crystal indicating that cross-linking had not affected the crystalline region of starch.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 2006

Poly [(dimethylmethylyinyl) siloxane] phosphineoxide (PMViSPO) was prepared by adding phosphorus oxychloride $(POCl_3)$ to poly (dimethylmethylyinyl) siloxane (PMViS) at $0^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen atmosphere. Cadmium selenide (CdSe) was prepared by reacting cadmium oxide (CdO), tetradecyl-phosphonic acid (TDPA), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) at $300^{\circ}C$, and adding solution of dissolved Se to tributylphosphine (TBP) and trioctylphosphine (TOP) CdSe-poly [(dimethylmethylvinyl) siloxane] phosphine-oxide (CdSe-SPO) adduct was synthesised by adding PMViSPO to CdSe solution. Liquid silicone rubber composite (LSRC-1) was prepared by compounding $\alpha,\omega-vinyl$ poly (dimethylsiloxane) (VPMS), $\alpha,\omega-hydrogen$) poly(dimethylsiloxane) (HPMS), and CdSe under Pt catalyst, and also LSRC-2 was prepared from VPMS, HPMS, and CdSe-SPO using Pt catalyst. It was confirmed that CdSe nanoparticles with photoluminescence characteristics was dispersed uniformly in LSR matrix. The diameter of CdSe was $30\sim50nm$. By measuring the number of CdSe nanoparticles, 202 particles of CdSe in LSRC-2 and 165 particles of CdSe in LSRC-1 were dispersed in the same area of LSR matrix. Thermal stability for LSRC-2 compounded with CdSe-SPO was better than LSRC-1.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2012

Efficacy of different control methods was evaluated for disease management of tomato bacterial wilt caused by $Ralstonia$ $solanacearum$. All six chemical pesticides applied to the bacterial suspension showed $in$ $vitro$ bactericidal activities against $R.$ $solanacearum$. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of copper hydroxide (CH), copper hydroxide-oxadixyl mixture (CH+O), and copper oxychloride-dithianon mixture (CO+D) were all 200 ${\mu}g/ml$; MIC of copper oxychloride-kasugamycin (CO+K) mixture was 100 ${\mu}g/ml$; MICs of both streptomycin- validamycin (S+V) and oxine copper-polyoxine B mixture (OC+PB) were 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. Among these chemical pesticides, treatment of the detached tomato leaves with the 5 pesticides (1 mg/ml), except for OC+PB delayed early wilting symptom development caused by the bacterial inoculation ($10^6$ and $10^7$ cfu/ml). Four pesticides, CH, CH+O, CO+K and S+V, showed disease protection in pot analyses. Six plant essential oils, such as cinnamon oil, citral, clove oil, eugenol, geraniol and limonene, differentially showed their antibacterial activities $in$ $vitro$ against $R.$ $solanacearum$ demonstrated by paper disc assay. Among those, cinnamon oil and clove oil exert the most effective activity for protection from the wilt disease caused by the bacterial infection ($10^6$ cfu/ml). Treatment with cinnamon oil and clove oil also suppressed bacterial disease by a higher inoculum concentration ($10^7$ cfu/ml). Clove oil could be used for prevention of bacterial wilt disease of tomato plants without any phytotoxicity. Thus, we suggest that copper compounds, antibiotics and essential oils have potency as a controlling agent of tomato bacterial wilt.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.230-234
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• 2011

The present study describes the synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives. The synthesis of the first target compound, 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (1), was achieved by Friedel-Crafts acylation of o-cresyl methyl ether with succinic anhydride and subsequent cyclization of the intermediary g-keto acid with hydrazine hydrate. Condensation of compound 1 with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of sodium ethoxide affords the corresponding 4-substituted benzyl pyridazinones (3a-d). The dihydropyridazinone 1 underwent dehydrogenation upon treatment with bromine/acetic acid mixture to give (4). Pyridazine (5) has been synthesized upon the reaction of pyridazinone (1) with 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one under the Michael addition reaction. N-dialkylaminomethyl derivatives 6a-b have been obtained from the reaction of pyridazinone 1 with formaldehyde and secondary amine, whereas reaction of 1 with formaldehyde gives N-hydroxymethyl derivative (7). This study also includes the synthesis of the 3-chloropyridazine derivative 8 in excellent yield by heating pyridazinone 3b in phosphorus oxychloride. The behaviour of the chloro derivative toward sodium azide, benzyl amine and anthranilic acid was also studied. The proposed structures of the products were confirmed by elemental analysis, spectral data and chemical evidence.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.332-337
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• 2011

Physicochemical properties of hydroxypropylated and cross-linked (HPCL) rice starch were investigated. Dual modification of rice starch was carried out by hydroxypropylation using propylene oxide (2, 6, and 12%) and then crosslinking using phosphorus oxychloride (0.005% and 0.02%). Swelling power of dual-modified rice starch increased at lower temperature (60$^{\circ}C$) than that of native rice starch (70$^{\circ}C$). HPCL rice starch showed slightly lower solubility (1.6-6.1%) than native rice starch (2.2-13.8%). Solubility and swelling power tended to gradually increase with increasing phosphorus oxychloride contents. RVA pasting temperature (66.2-70.8$^{\circ}C$) and peak viscosity (160.6- 171.1 RVU) of HPCL rice starch were lower than that of those of native starch (71.3$^{\circ}C$, 190.4 RVU) and decreased with increasing propylene oxide concentration. DSC thermal transitions of HPCL rice starches shifted to lower temperature and show less amylopectin melting enthalpy (11.8-9.8 J/g) than that of native rice starch (11.9 J/g). Overall, physicohemical properties of HPCL rice starches were highly dependent on hydroxypropylation rather than crosslinking.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.466-471
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• 2014

Hydrous zirconia particles were prepared from $ZrOCl_2$ aqueous solution using an electro-dialysis [ED] process. For the preparation of $(Zr,Y)(OH)_4$ precipitates, 3 mol% $YCl_3$ was added into $ZrOCl_2$ aqueous solution. During the hydrolysis of 0.5 mol/L $(Zr,Y)OCl_2$ solution at $90^{\circ}C$ a slurry solution was obtained. The ED process was used for the removal of chlorine from the slurry solution. Two kinds of slurry solution were sampled at the beginning and end of the ED process. The morphology of hydrous zirconia particles in the solution was observed using an inverted optical microscope and an FE-SEM. The hydrous zirconia particles were nano-crystalline, and easily coagulated with drying. Yttrium stabilized zirconia [YSZ] powder could be obtained by the calcination of $(Zr,Y)(OH)_4$ precipitates prepared from a $(Zr,Y)OCl_2$ solution by the ED process. The coagulated dry powders were shaped and sintered at $1500^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. The sintered body showed a dense microstructure with uniform grain morphology.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1999

Chemical control of bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae was attempted by spraying of streptomycin sulfate ·oxytetracycline WP streptomycin WP streptomycin ·copper hydroxide WP kasugamycin SL kasugamycin·copper oxychloride WP and copper hydroxide WP. The control efficacies of the bactericides were variable depending upon the spraying schedule,. Application of streptomycin WP and streptomycin sulfate·oxytetracycline WP from middle April to early May was found to be the most effective in controlling the bacterial canker. For copper hydroxide WP the spraying from middle January to early February showed the highest control efficacy. Kasugamycin SL was the most effective in controlling the disease by spraying from middle April to early May but it was still relatibvely effective during other spray periods. Foliar application of copper hydroxide WP and copper-antibiotic formulaions after middle April caused severe phytotoxicity. Kasgamycil SL streptomycin WP streptomycin·copper hydroxide WP and copper hydroxide WP were potential bactericides which could substitute streptomycin sulfate·oxytetracycline WP. Selective applications of the bactericides according to their optimum spray time can enhance the control efficacies against bacterial canker of kiwifruit and retard the emergency of resistant strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae to the bactericides. The optimum spray number of streptomycin sulfate·oxytetracycline WP was 3 times with 15-day-intervals or 4 times with 10-day-intervals. The result suggested that the potential bactericides to bacterial canker of kiwifruit should be also used according to their optimum spray schedules in order to get their highest control efficacies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2012

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)의 critical dimension (CD)가 sub 45 nm로 줄어듬에 따라 기존에 gate dielectric으로 사용하고 있는 SiO2에서 발생되는 high gate leakage current 때문에 새로운 high dielectric constant (k) 물질들이 연구되기 시작하였다. 여러 가지 high-k 물질 중에서, aluminum-oxide (Al2O3)는 높은 dielectric constant (~10)와 전자 터널링 barrier height (~2eV) 등을 가지기 때문에 많은 연구가 되고 있다. 그러나 Al2O3를 anisotropic한 patterning을 하기 위해 주로 사용되고 있는 halogen-based 플라즈마 식각 과정에서 나타나는 Al2O3와 하부 layer간의 낮은 식각 selectivity 뿐만 아니라 표면에 발생되는 defect, stoichiometry modification, roughness 변화 등의 많은 문제점들로 인하여 device performance가 감소하기 때문에 이를 해결하기 위한 많은 연구들이 진행중이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실리콘 기판위의 atomic layer deposition (ALD)로 증착된 Al2O3를 BCl3/Ar 중성빔을 이용하여 원자층 식각한 후 식각 특성을 분석해 보았다. Al2O3 표면을 BCl3로 absorption시킨 후 Ar 중성빔으로 desorption 시키는 과정에서 volatile한 aluminum-chlorides와 boron oxychloride가 형성되어 layer by layer로 제거됨을 관찰 할 수 있었다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.504-509
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• 2006

Poly(vinyl phosphate-b-styrene) (PVPP-b-PS) block copolymers were synthesized successfully from poly(vinyl alcohol-b-styrene) (PVA-b-PS) by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride and subsequent hydrolysis. The obtained block copolymers were slightly crosslinked, and were characterized by various analytical techniques. The total phosphorus content and the ratio of the differently bound phosphorus were obtained by both solid-state $^{31}P$ NMR and pH titration, but the results differed slightly. Characterization by energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDS) or Rutherford back scattering (RBS), on the other hand, determined the total phosphorus contents, but the results were quite different from those by solid-state $^{31}P$ NMR.