• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 1996

The surface properties of AI(Si, Cu) alloy film after plasma etching using the chemistries of chlorinated and fluorinated gases with varying the etching time have been investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Impurities of C, Cl, F and O etc are observed on the etched AI(Si, Cu) films. After 95% etching, aluminum and silicon show metallic states and oxidized (partially chlorinated) states, copper shows Cu metallic states and Cu-Cl$_{x}$(x$_{x}$ (x$_{x}$ (1

• Carbon letters
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2005

The carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized through the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons in a quartz tube reactor. The CNFs prepared from $C_3H_8$ at $550^{\circ}C$ was selected as the purification sample due to the higher content of impurity than that prepared from other conditions. In this study, we carried out the purification of CNFs by oxidation in air or carbon dioxide after acid treatment, and investigated the influence of purification parameters such as kind of acid, concentration, oxidation time, and oxidation temperature on the structure of CNFs. The metal catalysts could be easily eliminated from the prepared CNFs by liquid phase purification with various acids and it was verified by ICP analysis, in which, for example, Ni content decreased from 2.51% to 0.18% with 8% nitric acid. However, the particulate carbon and heterogeneous fibers were not removed from the prepared CNFs by thermal oxidation in air and carbon dioxide. This result can be explained by that the direction of graphene sheet in CNFs is vertical to the fiber axis and the CNFs are oxidized at about the similar rate with the impurity carbon.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2004

An Fe-25Cr steel was oxidized in Ar atmosphere at 973K with and without applying external stress of 30∼35 MPa. A 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$ thick $Cr_2O_3$ scales formed during pre-treatment in Ar atmosphere. Initiation of cracking on the oxide scales took place at grain boundaries during the end of second creep stage, in which cracks were found nearly perpendicular to the tensile directions. On the contrary, a scale developed in $N_2$-0.1%$SO_2$ displaced a poor adherence on the metal substrate. In this sample, a fast grown of scales was observed during creep deformation, and the strength of materials was much lower than in Ar. The creep strain rate of $1.5{\times}10^{-7}/s$ and $5.8{\times}10^{-7}/s$ was determined in Ar and in $N_2$-0.1%$SO_2$ under 30MPa, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2002

Objectives: Peroxynitrite ($ONOO^{-}$), formed from the reaction of superoxide <${\cdot}O_2^{-}$) and nitric oxide (NO), is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been implicated in diseases such as aging process, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and arteriosclerosis. Due to the lack of endogenous enzymes responsible for $ONOO^{-}$ inactivation, developing a specific $ONOO^{-}$ scavenger is of considerable importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate $ONOO^{-}$ scavenging activity and its mechanism in Cheonga-hwan (CAH). Methods: The $ONOO^{-}$ scavenging activity in CAH was assayed by measuring oxidized dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) by fluorescence. The scavenging efficacy was expressed as $IC_{50}$, showing the concentration of each sample required to cause 50% inhibition of DHR 123 oxidation. In a separate study, the protective effect of CAR on $ONOO^{-}$-induced nitration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using immunoassay with a monoclonal anti-nitrotyrosine antibody, and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody from sheep. Results: CAH showed potent scavenging activities of $ONOO^{-}$, NO and ${\cdot}O_2^{-}$. The data demonstrated that CAH led to decreased $ONOO^{-}$-mediated nitration of tyrosine through electron donation. CAH showed significant inhibition on nitration of bovine serum albumin by $ONOO^{-}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: CAH can be developed as an effective peroxynitrite scavenger for the prevention of the $ONOO^{-}$ involved diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.843-849
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• 2013

A dye-decolorizing bacterium was isolated from a soil sample and identified as Bacillus thuringiensis using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterium was able to decolorize three different textile dyes, namely, Reactive blue 13, Reactive red 58, and Reactive yellow 42, and a real dyehouse effluent up to 80-95% within 6 h. Some non-textile industrially important dyes were also decolorized to different extents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of Congo red dye and its metabolites showed that the bacterium could degrade it by the asymmetric cleavage of the azo bonds to yield sodium (4-amino-3-diazenylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate) and phenylbenzene. Sodium (4-amino-3-diazenylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate) was further oxidized by the ortho-cleavage pathway to yield 2-(1-amino-2-diazenyl-2-formylvinyl) benzoic acid. There was induction of the activities of laccase and azoreductase during the decolorization of Congo red, which suggests their probable role in the biodegradation. B. thuringiensis was found to be versatile and could be used for industrial effluent biodegradation.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.133-137
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• 2011

Low-e glazing is classified as soft low-e glazing and hard low-e glazing. Hard low-e glazing can be temperable and its handling is comfortable because its coating film is a oxide film generated at high temperatures. But there is a fatal weakness that its insulation performance and shielding performance are lower compared to soft low-e glazing by low electrical conductivity of coating film. Soft low-e glazing is excellent because its coating film consists of Ag that is excellent electrical conductivity and it has strength that can supply various product consumers want. But soft low-e glazing has weaknesses that temperable and handling are difficult because Ag is oxidized easily. Therefore this study analyzes thermal performance of glazing by changing filling gas according to applying low-e glazing through simulation to judge performance before making sample. After this process, a comparative experimental study was done through TVS by making temperable low-e glazing.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-35
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• 2003

Magnetic funnel Junctions (MTJs) were fabricated on thermally oxidized Si (100) wafers using DC magnetron sputtering. The film Structures were Ta(50 ${\AA}$)/CU(100 ${\AA}$)$Ni_{80}Fe_{20}(20 $ ${\AA}$)/Cu(50 ${\AA}$)/$Mn_{75}Ir_{25}(100 $ ${\AA}$)/$Co_{70}Fe_{30}(25$ ${\AA}$)/Al-O(15 ${\AA}$)/$Co_{70}Fe_{30}(25 $ ${\AA}$)/$Ni_{80}Fe_{20}(t)/Ta(50 $ ${\AA}$), with t=0 ${\AA}$, 100 and 1000 ${\AA}$, respectively. X-ray diffraction has shown improvement of (111) texture of IrMn$_3$ and Cu by annealing. The exchange-biased energy is almost inversely proportional to temperature. The difference between the coercivity H$_c$ and the exchange biased field H$_E$ for t = 0 $_3$ sample is smaller than that for t = 1000 ${\AA}$. For the pinned layer, the decreasing rate of the coercivity with the temperature is higher compared to that of the exchange field, but variation of H$_c$ is similar to that of the exchange field for free layer.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.175-179
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• 1999

Grape seed oil was extracted using different preparatory treatments as follows: (1) grinding, (2) grinding and roasting, (3) grinding and wet- roasting, (4) grinding, roasting, and wet-roasting, and (5) grinding, wet-roasting, and wet-roasting. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the sample with the method (2). Initial states of oxidation were similar except method (1) that showed more oxidized state, being P.O.V.8. Acid values were observed in the range from 1.42 to 1.89. The lowest acid value was found as 1.42 in method (1) and those of others were somewhat higher, indicating that heating process of roasting produced some free fatty acids. From the results of sensory evaluation, the best odor and taste were obtained from the methods (2) and (3). Repetitive procedure of wet-roasting, like method 5, caused some loss of flavor components and decrease in the sensory evaluation score. Addition of grape seed oil (method 2) to soybean and perilla oil at the level of 20% retained considerable antioxidant activities as much as 4.3 and 5 times, respectively, than 100% soybean or perilla oil stored for 12 weeks. When soybean or perilla oil was mixed with 20% grape seed oils, P.O.V. decreased to half of that of unmixed oils.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1499-1502
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• 2004

An amperometric biosensor based on carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) for the determination of urea was constructed by enzyme (urease/GL-DH)-modified method. Urea was hydrolyzed to ${NH_4}^+$ by catalyzing urease onto the enzyme-modified electrode surface in sample solution. In the presence of ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH), a liberated ${NH_4}^+$ produce to L-glutamate and $NAD^+$ by Lglutamate dehydrogenase (GL-DH). After the chemical reaction was proceeded, the electrochemical reaction was occurred that an excess of the NADH was oxidized to $NAD^+$. The oxidation current of NADH was monitored at +1.10 volt vs. Ag/AgCl. An optimum conditions of biosensor were investigated: The optimum pH range for catalyzed hydrolysis reaction of urea was pH 7.0-7.4. The linear response range and detection limit were $2.0\;{\times}\;10^{-5}{\sim}2.0\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M\;and\;5.0\;{\times}\;10^{-6}M$, respectively. Another physiological species did not interfere, except L-ascorbic acid.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.345-345
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• 2010

Thin film of $TiO_2$ deposited on carbon paper was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and $H_2O$ as precursors. In this work, the photocatalytic activities of $TiO_2$ films with and without e-beam treatment were compared. The samples were treated by e-beam using e-beam energy of 1MeV and exposure range between 5 and 15kGy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue (MB) under UV irradiation (365nm) at room temperature using an UV-vis spectroscopy. The surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The sample treated by the low radiation dose has more catalytic activity than other ones. SEM images show that the high radiation dose caused the $TiO_2$ to aggregation on carbon paper. Due to the aggregation of $TiO_2$, the partially exposed carbon paper was oxidized.