• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2007

Background: Defective or immature antibody responses to pathogens in children may explain the increased susceptibility to acute otitis media. However, there is no study in Korea patients whether a correlation exists between otitis media with effusion and the levels of serum immunoglobulins, IgG subclasses, IgA, IgM and IgE. Methods: 45 children with otitis media with effusion more than 4 episodes in 12 months or 3 episodes in 6 months, 62 children with otitis media with effusion less than 3 episodes in 12 months and 102 children for control group took part in the study at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the KyungHee University from May 2004 to Feburary 2007. Serum immunoglobulin levels were determined by nephelometry. And then the relationship between otitis media with effusion and serum immunoglobulin level was evaluated. Results: In otitis media prone group, serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgA level was lower than those level of control group, it was significantly decreased (p<0.05). In otitis media group, serum IgA, IgE, and IgG4 level was lower than those level of control. But it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Lower immunoglobulins in children with otitis media with effusion suggest a generalized decreased antibody responses. Lower levels of serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgA may be related with chronicity or intractability of otitis media with effusion.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1283-1294
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• 2005

The American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians developed the clinical practice guideline on the management of acute otitis media. The American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery developed the clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and management of otitis media with effusion. These two guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.92-98
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• 2001

Objective : This study is designed to evaluate the changes of clinical symptoms after the therapy of acupuncture in the 18 patients with Otitis media with effusion who were treated at our hospital from June 1th, 2000 to June 30th, 2001. Methods : The patients received acupuncture on the points of TE5, G41, TE6, SI5, G38, K2 and venesection on the part of posterior ear. Results : The results of treatment with acupucture showed that 4 of 18 patients achieved excellent recovery and 12 achieved good recovery. Total 16 of 18 patients, except 2, improved clinical symptoms after the therapy as a result. Conclusion : Acupuncture successfully improved conditions of the patients with Otitis media with effusion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.69-85
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• 2020

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of Tranditional Chinese Medicine for Otitis Media with Effusion(OME) in Chinese journals. Methods : Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) and Wanfang med online were used to search Chinese studies which were published from January, 2010 to April, 2020. Results : Among Chinese studies, Exterior-releasing medicinal(解表藥) and Heat-clearing medicinal(淸熱藥) were the most frequently used. The herbs which used the most frequently are Bupleuri Radix(柴胡), Acori Graminei Rhizoma(石菖蒲). All of studies have reported that Tranditional Chinese Medicine is effective for Otitis Media with Effusion. Conclusions : In analysis of selected studies, Tranditional Chinese Medicine is more effective than Western Medicine Treatments. Recurrence rates and side effects of OME can be reduced by cotreatment of Tranditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Treatments.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infection and can directly induce innate host defense responses, which are thought to play critical roles in protecting the tubotympanum from infection. However, little is known about the relationship between TLRs, which are related to innate immunity, and immunoglobulins, which are related to adaptive immunity, in recurrent otitis media with effusion (OME). We therefore investigated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and immunoglobulin in children with OME. Methods: The study population consisted of 72 children with OME, 31 with more than 4 episodes in 12 months or more than 3 episodes in 6 months (otitis-prone group), and 41 with fewer than 3 episodes in 12 months (non-otitis prone group). The expression in middle ear effusion of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA, as determined by Real time- -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM, as determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), were compared between the two groups. Results: Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA was lower in the otitis prone than in the non-otitis prone group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Between group differences in the concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in effusion fluid were not significant (p>0.05), and there were no correlations between immunoglobulin concentration and the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Conclusion: Although there was a trend toward lower expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the otitis-prone group, the differences, and those in immunoglobulin concentration, did not differ significantly between the otitis-prone and non-prone groups.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2002

The author measured IL-8 and $TGF-{\beta}1$ levels of 84 ears - 48 ears of them had treated by antibiotics, 36 of them by Kamihyunggyeyungyotang(KHY) - of pediatric recurrent otitis media with effusion using ELISA assay, and compared them. The results were obtained as follows. 1. The level of IL-8 in KHY group was significantly lower than that in antibiotics group(p<0.05). 2. The level of $TGF-{\beta}1$ in KHY group was lower than that in antibiotics group. According to above results, KHY is considered to be used for treating recurrent otitis media with effusion by controlling the production of interleukin-8 and transforming $growthfactor-{\beta}1$.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 2001

Otitis media with effusion(OME) is the second most common disease in childhood after upper respiratory tract infection. Antibiotic treatment and ventilation tube insertion are the common treatment. The emergence of drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) has implications for the primary care provider who treats acute otitis media(AOM) in children. OME need not be treated with antibiotics unless the effusion has been present for 3 to 4 months. Tympanostomy tubes are an effective treatment for both chronic OME and recurrent AOM. But the complications of tympanostomy tubes are serious Kamihyunggyeyungyotang is known to have antiinflmmatory and antiallergic effect. In this study, we investigated the clinical efficacy of the Kamihyunggyeyungyotang on recurrent otitis media with effusion prospectively by using pneumatoscopy, tympanogram, pure tone audiometry, and radiologic study. The patients who had treated by antibiotics was used as control. The statistical analysis was done by Mann-Whitney test and the significance was considered when the p value was less than 0.05. The general outcome was significantly higher in Kamihyunggyeyungyotang group than in antibiotic group. The recovery rate from grade 3 to 0 in pneumatoscopy was 42.5% but the control was 6%. Hearing gain was improved 71% and pnuematization was returned 70%.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-27
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• 1999

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is an inflammatory disease of the middle ear cleft. Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders. Oxygen free radicals may also be involved in the pathogenesis of OME. To evaluate the involvement of oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of OME, the level of malondialdehyde, which gives an index of lipid peroxidation by oxygen free radicals, was measured by the reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Malondialdehyde level in the middle ear fluid from the OME group was higher than that in the normal control group. Malondialdehyde level in the middle ear fluid from a mucoid subgroup was higher than that in the serous subgroup. Malondialdehyde levels in the middle ear fluid from the serous subgroup was significantly correlated with symptom duration. The Pearson correlation coefficient between malondialdehyde levels in the middle ear fluid from the serous subgroup and symptom duration was 0.842 (P<0.05). These results indicate that lipid peroxidation by oxygen free radicals may be involved in the pathogenesis of human OME.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.110-118
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to report a case of atopic dermatitis with otitis media with effusion and chronic rhinitis improved by oral administration of Galgeungabanha-tang. Methods: The patient of this case had symptoms such as erythema, abrasions, scales, and itching. She also complained of rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, cough, sputum, and ear fullness. Considering the fact that she was sensitive to heat, but did not sweat well, and respiratory symptoms often occurred, Galgeungabanha-tang was prescribed. Results: After medication, the symptoms of atopic dermatitis significantly improved from 10 to 2 point. The subjective symptoms of chronic rhinitis and otitis media with effusion also improved considerably. In addition, nasal swelling and purulent exudate almost disappeared. The tympanic membrane, which was swollen due to amber exudate, also changed to a normal gray-white color. Conclusions: Atopic dermatitis accompanied by chronic rhinitis and otitis media was improved after 45 days of medication.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1982

Serous otitis media is closely related with auditory tube function, but its etiology and pathogenesis are not clearly defined yet. So we tried to prove the theory of hydrops ex vacuo via the experimental study with cats by means of obstructing the pharyngeal orfice of the auditory tube and observe the serial changes in tympanic mucosa through light and electron microscopy. The results are as follows; 1. We confirmed the production of serous otitis media with auditory tube obstruction and have a new understanding of auditory tube function in middle ear aeration. 2. The effusion in serous otitis media was produced from the next day of experiment and increased till the fourteenth day, but decreased after the spontaneous perforation of ear drum. 3. Through the light microscopy, we observed the increasement of the sercretory cells including goblet cells, epithelial hyperplasia, capillary proliferation and invasion of inflammatory cells. 4. Through the elctron microscopy, we observed the protrusion of secretory cells, blobs in cilia, loss of cilia, increasement of vesicles, vacuoles and dense bodies in ciliated cells and Invasion of inflammatory cells. With above results, we concluded that aeration through auditory tube is the most important factor in serous otitis media and presumed the effusion was secreted by secretory cells.