• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.463-469
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• 1994

For better understanding of population dynamics of Symplocarpus renifolius, some aspects of seed production were studied in natural populations for 3 years. The rate of reproducing plants (RP) was 8.06% among the whole studied. The RPs were 0.0% in leaf size class under 500cm2 per individual, and 3.6% in 500~1,000cm2, and 44.3% in over 3,000cm2. The resource allocated to sexual organ was 11.6% of total biomass at the end of growing season, and that to belowground was about 80% regradless of presence or absence of sexual organ. In the previous and the next years of seed production, the energy allocated to sexual organ didn't affect the changes of leaf size, year by year. After flowing season. Especially, a large number of sex organ were degraded in April, a period of pollination and fertilization. The number of seeds per individual was degraded in April, a period of pollination and fertilization. The number of seeds per individual was 13~22 and didn't relate to leaf size. But the weight per seed increased along leaf size per individual. Therefore, in S.renifolius population, large individual produced large seeds rather than many seeds.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.106-118
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• 2018

How the organ size is adjusted to the proper size during development and how organs know that they reach the original size during regeneration remain long-standing questions. Based on studies using multiple model organisms and approaches for over 20 years, a consensus has been established that the Hippo pathway plays crucial roles in controlling organ size and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Given the significance of these processes, the dysregulation of the Hippo pathway has also implicated various diseases, such as tissue degeneration and cancer. By regulating the downstream transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ, the Hippo pathway coordinates cell proliferation and apoptosis in response to a variety of signals including cell contact inhibition, polarity, mechanical sensation and soluble factors. Since the core components and their functions of the Hippo pathway are evolutionarily conserved, this pathway serves as a global regulator of organ size control. Therefore, further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms will provide physiological insights to better understand tissue homeostasis. In this review, the historical developments and current understandings of the regulatory mechanism of Hippo signaling pathway are discussed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.54-57
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• 2012

Purpose: Somatic growth is an important indicator of health in children. Adequate organ growth is essential in growth and directly related to body growth. We consider renal length as a surrogate of organ growth in growing children. Measurement of weight, height, and many anthropometric indices, such as body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), and Rohrer and Kaup indices, are used to evaluate growth status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between renal length and somatic parameters and analyze the affecting factors for renal size during growth. Methods: The data for renal length in 66 children (age, $12.9{\pm}15.6$ months; male/female, 34/32) were obtained. Each kidney was measured with ultrasonography and dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. The data on age, sex, height, and weight were obtained from the medical records. BSA, BMI, and Rohrer and Kaup indices were calculated from measured height and weight. BSA was calculated by 2 methods, and is expressed as BSA I and BSA II. Results: There were significant correlations between renal size and age, weight, height, BSA I, BSA II, and Rohrer index. In the regression analysis, the most significant contributing factor to renal growth was height ($R^2$=0.636, $P$ <0.001). Conclusion: Height seems to be the most important factor associated with organ growth in growing children. Further studies to evaluate adequate organ growth should be carried out.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2002

본 실험은 원시난포의 체외배양 체계를 확립할 수 있는 가능성을 검토하기 위해 0, 5, 10, 15 및 20일령 마우스에서 분리한 난소를 20, 15, 10, 5 및 0일동안 organ culture 하여 난소의 성장률, 난자의 회수율과 성장률 및 난자의 핵성숙 단계를 조사하여, 비교 ·검토하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. Organ culture 전과 후의 각 일령에 따른 난소의 면적 차이는 0일령 35.9%, 5일령 8.7%, 10 일령 1.2% 및 15일령 14.4%로 15일령을 제외 하고는 배양일령이 증가할수록 면적 차이는 감소하였다. 2. Organ culture 후 난자의 회수율과 난자의 직경은 배양일령이 증가할수록 증대되었다. 3. GV기 이상의 핵성숙은 organ culture 후 배양 일령이 증가할수록 진행되는 단계에 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 1998

This study was designed to examine how dietary protein levels affect organ growth and protein metabolism in early and normally weaned rats. Early and normally weaned rats separated fro the dam on the 15th and 121st day postpartum, respectively. were fed diets containing three levels of protein : low(10%) , normal (20%),and high(40%) . On the 35th day, the weight and DNA, RNA and protein contents in brain , liver, and kidney were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Furthermore, serum total protein , albumin , $\alpha$-amino N and creatine and urinary urea N, and creatinine were determined in order to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions. Dietary protein levels were not observed to significantly affect total DNA content, which may represent an index of cell number in the liver, brain and kidney. Fresh weight and protein/DNA ratio, which may represent indices of cell size, significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein in the kidney. As for the early weaned rats , the liver cell size significantly decreased. Dietary protein levels and weaning periods did not affect serum total protein and albumin . However, serum urea-N significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein levels whereas serum $\alpha$-amino N was decreased by early weaning . Nitrogen retention was lower in early weaned rats fed low or high levels of protein than in normally weaned rats. The results demonstrate that low or high levels of dietary protein have less desirable effects on protein metabolism in prematurely weaned rats.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.154-157
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• 1985

본 시험은 6월 14 일에 4년생 인삼 식물체의 각 기관별, 10월 1 일에 6년생을 근상태별로 구분하여 호흡량을 측정하였던 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 기관별 호흡량은 유과≒엽>화경>경≒근의 순이었다. 2. 15$^{\circ}C$~3$0^{\circ}C$ 사이에서의 기관별 호흡계수는 유과 2.39, 엽 1.75, 근 1.57, 경 1.17, 화경 1.16이었다. 3. 채굴 당시 대편삼(117$\pm$8.8g)과 소편삼(54$\pm$4.0g)간에 호흡량의 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 4. 근내 수분함량이 감소할수록 호흡량은 저하되었으며 그 정도는 소편삼에서 현저하였다. 5 . 건전삼에 비해 근적변삼에서 근호흡량이 현저히 많았다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

본 연구는 디지털 방사선촬영 시스템에서 요추검사 시 조사야 크기에 따른 주변 장기선량과 요추 영상의 화질 변화를 정량화하여 의료피폭 저감화를 위한 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 요추검사 시 조사야 크기는 $8^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$에서 $14^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$ 크기까지 변화하였으며, RANDO 팬텀을 대상으로 요추 전-후방향, 측방향 검사를 실행하였다. 장기선량은 간, 위, 췌장, 신장, 생식선을 선택하여 유리선량계로 측정하였으며, Image J로 영상 분해능을 비교 분석하였다. 전-후방향 촬영에서 요추의 주변 장기선량은 조사야 크기가 작아짐에 따라 감소하였으나, 생식선에서는 조사야의 가로축 길이가 1" 작아질 때마다 3.83%로 감소율의 변화가 없었다. 측방향 촬영에서 간, 신장과 같이 표면과 가까운 장기에서 장기선량은 높은 선량이 나타났으나, 조사야의 가로축 길이가 1" 작아질 때마다 감소율이 5% 이내로 나타났다. 그러나 생식선에서는 조사야의 가로축 길이가 1" 작아질 때마다 감소율이 24.34%로 나타났다. 조사야 내, 외부에 대한 선량 차이는 간에서 $549.8{\mu}Gy$, 위에서 $264.6{\mu}Gy$로 감소하였으나, 생식선에서는 평균 $1,135.1{\mu}Gy$로 큰 변화가 없었다. 조사야 크기에 따른 영상은 전-후방향 촬영에서 $9^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$, 측방향 촬영에서 $10^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$ 이하의 크기에서 30 dB 이상으로 영상의 질적 차이를 구분할 수 없었다. 따라서 요추검사는 다른 검사 부위보다 주변장기들이 많이 포함하고 있기 때문에 불필요한 환자의 피폭선량을 줄이고 양질의 영상을 얻기 위하여 조사야 크기 설정에 관한 권고기준안이 제시되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.509-517
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• 2023

This study analyzed imaging conditions and exposure index through clinical information collection and dose calculation programs in coronary angiography examinations. Through this, we aim to analyze the effective dose according to examination conditions and provide basic data for dose optimization. In this study, ALARA(As Low As Reasonably Achievable)-F(Fluoroscopy), a program for evaluating the radiation dose of patients and the collected clinical data, was used. First, analysis of imaging conditions and exposure index was performed based on the data of the dose report generated after coronary angiography. Second, after evaluating organ dose according to 9 imaging directions during coronary angiography, with the LAO fixed at 30°, dose evaluation was performed according to tube voltage, tube current, number of frames, focus-skin distance, and field size. Third, the effective dose for each organ was calculated according to the tissue weighting factors presented in ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection) recommendations. As a result, the average sum of air kerma during coronary angiography was evaluated as 234.0±112.1 mGy, the dose-area product was 25.9±13.0 Gy·cm², and the total fluoroscopy time was 2.5±2.0 min. Also, the organ dose tended to increase as the tube voltage, milliampere-second, number of frames, and irradiation range increased, whereas the organ dose decreased as the FSD increased. Therefore, medical radiation exposure to patients can be reduced by selecting the optimal tube voltage and field size during coronary angiography, maximizing the focal-skin distance, using the lowest tube current possible, and reducing the number of frames.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the association between the pre-operative plasma fibrinogen level and the adjacent organ involvement in advanced gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 923 pre-operative plasma samples were obtained from 923 patients diagnosed clinically as having advanced gastric cancer, and fibrinogen levels were measured by immunoassay. Associations between fibrinogen levels and clinicopathologic findings (depth of tumor, adjacent organ involvement, and lymph node metastasis), along with survival were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Tumor size, tumor depth, and the presence of lymph node metastasis were found to be positively correlated with the preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels (P<0.001). Fifty (5.4%) patients had adjacent organ involvement. Lymphatic invasion (P<0.001), tumor size (P<0.001), clinical T (depth of invasion) stage (P<0.001), and clinical nodal stage (P=0.018) were found to be associated with adjacent organ involvement. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that a preoperatively elevated plasma fibrinogen level was associated with adjacent organ involvement (P<0.001, 0.028), and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that it was associated with poorer survival (P<0.001). Conclusions: Plasma fibrinogen was found to be a clinically useful marker of adjacent organ involvement and overall survival. When a high fibrinogen level is encountered, preoperatively, adjacent organ involvement should be suspected in clinically advanced gastric cancer.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.271-286
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• 2017

GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) genes encode plant-specific transcription factors containing two conserved QLQ and WRC domains and play critical roles in regulating the growth and development of lateral organs, such as cotyledons, leaves, and flowers. To explore the agricultural potential of Brassica rapa GRF genes (BrGRFs), the researchers isolated seven BrGRFs (BrGRF3-1, 3-2, 5, 7, 8-1, 8-2, and 9) and constructed BrGRF-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants (BrGRF-OX). BrGRF-OX plants developed larger cotyledons, leaves, and flowers as well as longer roots than the wild type. The increase in size of these organs were due to increases in cell number, but not due to cell size. BrGRF-OX plants also had larger siliques and seeds. Furthermore, BrGRF-OX seeds produced more oil than the wild type. RT-PCR analysis revealed that BrGRFs regulated expression of a wide range of genes that are involved in gibberellin-, auxin-, cell division-related growth processes. Taken together, the data indicates that BrGRFs act as positive regulators of plant growth, thus raising the possibility that they may serve as a useful genetic source for crop improvement with respect to organ size and seed oil production.