• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2017

Acanthopanax divaricatus (Siebold & Zucc.) Seem. var. albeofructus (ADA), a traditional medical herb, has been used to treat arthritis and muscular injury, to strengthen muscle and bone, and to get vital energy. However, information regarding its toxicity is limited. ADA was administered by oral gavage to groups of rats at doses of 0 (control), 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000 mg/kg five times per week for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, necropsy, histopathological finding, vaginal cytology, and sperm morphology were compared between control and ADA-treated groups. Salivation was intermittently observed in both sexes receiving 2,500 and 3,000 mg/kg directly after dosing. Absolute liver weights increased in females receiving 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000 mg/kg ADA (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively) and so did the relative liver weights (P < 0.001). Salivation and increased liver weight were ADA-related changes but not considered to be adverse effects. Salivation was intermittent and transient, and the liver weight increase was minor and not accompanied by other changes such as hepatic morphological or functional alterations. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level was determined to be at least 3,000 mg/kg in both sexes of rats.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2006

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is rare X-linked genetic disorder involving absence of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) related to purine metabolism. The deficiency of HGPRT activity leads to an excesscive uric acid production and consequent hyperuricemia. It occurs almost exclusively in males, and the incidence is estimate to be 1/100,000~380,000. Clinical presentation is characterized by developmental delay, mental retardation, choreoathetosis, spastic cerebral palsy, nephrolithiasis, obstructive nephropathy and acute gouty arthritis. A characteristic feature of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is the appearance of intractable self-mutilation behavior. Self-mutilation behavior is complicated by secondary infection and tissue loss as well as pain. The dental management of self-mutilation includes presertive methods of using appliances such as lip bumper or soft mouthguard and radical methods such as extraction of all teeth or orthognathic surgery. A case of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome patient with self-mutilation and severe lower lip injury is presented. He was treated successfully with soft mouthguard.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.553-559
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• 2018

Investigations into the development of new therapeutic agents for lung inflammatory disorders have led to the discovery of plant-based alternatives. The rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides have a long history of use against lung inflammatory disorders in traditional herbal medicine. However, the therapeutic potential of this plant material in animal models of lung inflammation has yet to be evaluated. In the present study, we prepared the alcoholic extract and derived the saponin-enriched fraction from the rhizomes of A. asphodeloides and isolated timosaponin A-III, a major constituent. Lung inflammation was induced by intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice, representing an animal model of acute lung injury (ALI). The alcoholic extract (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the development of ALI. Especially, the oral administration of the saponin-enriched fraction (10-50 mg/kg) potently inhibited the lung inflammatory index. It reduced the total number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Histological changes in alveolar wall thickness and the number of infiltrated cells of the lung tissue also indicated that the saponin-enriched fraction strongly inhibited lung inflammation. Most importantly, the oral administration of timosaponin A-III at 25-50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the inflammatory markers observed in LPS-induced ALI mice. All these findings, for the first time, provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of A. asphodeloides and its major constituent, timosaponin A-III, in alleviating lung inflammation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

We observed 117 orthognathic surgery cases with dentofacial deformity for 8 years from Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1993. The ratio of male female was 1 : 1.4 and the mean age was 23.0 years ranged from 16 to 35 years. The most dominant group was related to mandibular prognathism (75.0%). Surgery method were divided into 88 cases of mandible surgery, 6 cases of maxilla surgery and 23 cases of two jaw surgery. Sagittal split osteotomy were performed on 84 cases (71.8%). Rigid fixation was increased after 1989 and total percent of rigid fixation was 66%. We used autotransfusion method from 1992 to all orthognathic surgery patient. Lower lip numbness caused by Inferior alveolar nerve injury is the most common problem after operation, and it was 63 cases (53.8%) of total operation cases. In our clinic, we performed 5 cases of re-operation because of segment malalignment, condylar sag, and fixation instability.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2002

Neurosensory dysfunction of the injured inferior alveolarnerve(IAN) is a common and distrssing consequence of traumatic or iatrogenic injury. Conventional neurosensory testing has been used to detect and monitor sensory impairments of the injured IAN. However, these tests had low reliability and are not qualitative at best because they are based on solely on the patient's subjective assesment of symptoms. Consequently, there is need for more reliable, sensitive, and objective test measures to document and to monitor sensory dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve. This study was to investigate DITI's (digital infrared thermographic imaging) potential as a diagnostic alternative for evaluating of the nerve injures and sensory disturbance. Subjects were 30 patients who had been referred to Ewha Medical Center due to sensory disturbance of the lower lip and chin followed after unobserved inferior alveolar nerve injuries. The patients were examined by clinical neurosensory tests as SLTD (static light touch discrimination), MDD (moving direction discrimination), PPN (pin prick nociception) and DITI (digital infrared thermographic imaging). The correlation between clinical sensory dysfunction scores(Sum of SLTD, MDD, PPN, NP, Tinel sign) and DITI were tested by Spearman nonparametric rank correlation anaylsis & Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon 2-sample test. This study resulted in as follows; (1) The difference of thermal difference between normal side and affected side was as ${\Delta}-3.2{\pm}0.13$. (2) The DITI differences of the subjects presenting dysesthesia of the lip and chin were correlated significantly with the neurosensory dysfunction scores(r=0.419, p=0.021)and SLTD (r=0.429, p<0.05). (3) The MDD, PPN, NP, Tinel sign, duration, gender were not correlated with DITI(p> 0.05). Therefore, the DITI(digital infrared thermographic imaging) can be an option of the useful objective diagnostic methods to evaluate the injured inferior alveolar nerve and sensory dysfunction of trigerminal nerve.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2001

The wide deep penetrating wound of maxillofacial region should be early closed under emergency general anesthesia for the prevention of complications of bleeding, infection, shock & residual scars. But, if the emergency general anesthesia wound be impossible because of pneumoconiosis, obstructive pulmonary disease & hypovolemic shock, early primary closure should be done under local anesthesia by use of much amount of the anesthetic solution. The maximum dose of dental lidocaine (2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine) is reported to 7 mg/kg under 500 mg (13.8 ampules) in normal adult. But the maximum permissible dose of dental lidocaine can be changed owing to the general health, rapidity of injection, resorption, distribution & excretion of the drug. The blood level of overdose toxicity is above $4.0{\mu}g/ml$ in central nervous & cardiovascular system. The injection of dental lidocaine 1-4 ampules is attained to the blood level of $1{\mu}g/ml$ in normal healthy adult. The duration of anesthetic action in the dental 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1 : 100.000 epinephrine is 45 to 75 minutes and the period to elimination is about 2 to 4 hours. Therefore, authors selected the following anesthetic methods that the first injection of 6 ampules is applied into the deeper periosteal layer for anesthetic action during 1 hour, the second injection into the deeper muscle & fascial layer, the third injection into the superficial muscle and fascial layer, the fourth injection into the proximal skin & subcutaneous tissue and the fifth final injection into the distal skin & subcutaneous tissue. The total 26-28 ampules of dental lidocaine were injected into the wound as the regular time interval during 5-6 hours, but there were no systemic complications, such as, agitation, talkativeness, convulsion and specific change of vital signs and consciousness.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.536-542
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• 2016

Shuangdan oral liquid (SDO) containing radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (Chinese name Danshen) and cortex moutan (Chinese name Mudanpi) is a traditional Chinese medicine using for treating vascular diseases. Danshensu (DSS) is a main effective monomer composition derived from radix Salviae miltiorrhizae and paeonol (Pae) from cortex moutan. Although the two herbs are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, the pharmacological functions of their active compositions were not reported. Therefore, the research of DSS and Pae in mechanisms and pharmacodynamics interaction can provide scientific evidence to support clinical application. The diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats which were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) were treated with SDO, DSS, Pae, and DSS+Pae for eight weeks. The positive effects on DN animal models were investigated by detection of physiological and biochemical indexes and oxidative stress markers, within five treatments: SDO, DSS, Pae, DSS+Pae and insulin group. Compared with the model group, the DSS+Pae group improved the renal function, blood lipid metabolism and blood viscosity, increased the vitality of T-SOD or T-AOC and decreased the level of MDA or NO after the treatment. The study was successfully showed that the DSS+Pae group could delay the process of DN, especially in the renal injury part of histopathology changes. Our results suggest that the co-administration of DSS and Pae significantly may play a protective role in DN rats through decreasing the oxidative stress and improving the blood lipid metabolism mechanisms.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-46
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• 2017

Patients with cerebral palsy have higher risk of traumatic dental injuries because of clinical characteristics, such as, ataxia, large overjet and lip incompetency. Especially, intrusive luxation has rare occurrence but higher incidence of complications. It can be treated by expecting re-eruption, orthodontic reposition, and surgical reposition. Clinicians should be aware of management and follow-up in dealing with cerebral palsy patients who are exposed by intrusive luxation, due to their involuntary movement. This case report describes a 9-year-old male patient with cerebral palsy and epilepsy who experienced intrusion of maxillary permanent central incisor. After one-month follow-up, waiting for spontaneous eruption, pulp necrosis on maxillary permanent central incisor had proceeded. Therefore, surgical reposition with resin wire splint and apexification was performed under conscious sedation with midazolam. After two months, removal of resin wire splint was done. Gutta percha filling and composite resin restoration were performed after sixteen months. During five-year follow-up ankylosis and partial root resorption were observed. But there was no significant complications.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.327-339
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force. The maximum bite force was measured in 26 dentofacial deformity patients, aged 14-26(mean age 20.3) years, before surgery and at IMF removal, 3, 6, and 12months postsurgery. To grope the correlation of bite force and skeletal change after orthognathic surgery, the cephalometric headplates were measured, tabulated and statistically analyzed. The results were as follows. 1. The presurgical maximum bite force was 13.7kg in upper first molar(rt. Side 12.7kg, it. Side 14.6kg). There was remarkable difference with that of normal occlusion. 2. The recovery of bite force was very significant in according to the operation method and the duration of IMF that was 7.6kg at IMF removal, 14.2kg at 3 months, 19.7kg at 6 months. 26.1kg at 12 months postsurgery. 3. To fasten the recovery and to increase the bite force after orthognathic surgery, the long IMF time and the injury to the masticatory muscle should be avoided by the internal rigid fixation and early physical exercise. 4. The bite force was positively correlated to the changes of mandibular plane angle, the angle between platatal plane and mandibular plan, the angle between occlusal plane and mandibular plane, and negatively correlated to the changes of mandibular body length in craniofacial structure. 5. There was no correlationship between bit force and mesial inclination of tooth long axis of first molar in this subject. 6. There was no correlation between the changes of bite force and the changes of mechanical advantage of the temporal and masseter muscle.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The inhibitory effect of Hijikia fusiforme (HF) extracts on degenerative osteoarthritis was examined in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat model. MATERIALS/METHODS: In vitro, cell survival and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was measured after $H_2O_2$ ($800{\mu}M$, 2 hr) treatment in primary chondrocytes. In vivo animal study, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA into knee joints of rats, and then RH500, HFE250 and HFE500 were administered orally once a day for 28 days. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of HFE, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) expression were measured. In addition, real-time PCR was performed to measure the genetic expression of MMPs, collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and TIMPs. RESULTS: In the in vitro assay, cell survival after $H_2O_2$ treatment was increased by HFE extract (20% EtOH). In addition, anabolic factors (genetic expression of collagen type I, II, and aggrecan) were increased by HFE extract (20% EtOH). However, the genetic expression of MMP-3 and 7, known as catabolic factors were significantly inhibited by treatment with HFE extract (20% EtOH). In the in vivo assay, anabolic factors (genetic expression of collagen type I, II, aggrecan, and TIMPs) were increased by oral administration of HFE extract. However, the genetic expression of MMP-3 and 7, known as catabolic factors, and production of NO and $PGE_2$ were significantly inhibited by treatment with oral administration of HFE extract. CONCLUSION: HFE extract inhibited articular cartilage degeneration through preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury.