• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.239-243
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• 1996

DW-116 {(1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride) is a new quinolone antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum against G(+) and G(-) bacteria. DW-116 was evaluated for the appearance of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) of mouse bone marrow cells after intraperitoneal and oral single administration. We prepared the bone marrow cells at 30hr after drug administration and they were used for measuring PCE with micronucleus. The results showed there was no statistically significant increase in the numbers of PCEs with micronucleus in all DW-116 administered groups compared with a negative control group. The results also showed that the ratio of normochromatic erythrocytes(NCEs) to PCEs of all DW-116 administered groups was not significantly different from that of a negative control group. These results suggested that DW-116 may not cause any chromosomal damage and it has no in vivo mutagenic potential under these experimental conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2013

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), uniquely expressed on gram-positive bacteria, is recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on not only antigen-presenting cells but also activated T cells. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that LTA is acting on T cells. However, little is known about the effect of LTA on T-cell regulation. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of LTA on $CD4^+$ T cells. Effector $CD4^+$ T cells, induced after co-culture with S. aureus-pulsed dendritic cells, produced high levels of interferon-${\gamma}$, CD25, CD69, and TLRs 2 and 4. When effector $CD4^+$ T cells were treated with LTA, the expressions of the membrane-bound form of transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ and forkhead box P3 increased. Coincidently, the proliferation of effector $CD4^+$ T cells was declined after LTA treatment. When TGF-${\beta}$ signaling was blocked by the TGF-${\beta}$ receptor 1 kinase inhibitor, LTA failed to suppress the proliferation of effector $CD4^+$ T cells. Therefore, the present results suggest that LTA suppresses the activity of effector $CD4^+$ T cells by enhancing TGF-${\beta}$ production.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2015

Background: Gut microflora play a crucial role in the biotransformation of ginsenosides to compound K (CK), which may affect the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Prebiotics, such as NUTRIOSE, could enhance the formation and consequent absorption of CK through the modulation of gut microbial metabolic activities. In this study, the effect of a prebiotic fiber (NUTRIOSE) on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside CK, a bioactive metabolite of ginsenosides, and its mechanism of action were investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given control or NUTRIOSE-containing diets (control diet + NUTRIOSE) for 2 wk, and ginseng extract or vehicle was then orally administered. Blood samples were collected to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CK using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fecal activities that metabolize ginsenoside Rb1 to CK were assayed with fecal specimens or bacteria cultures. Results: When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed with 2.5%, 5%, or 10% NUTRIOSE containing diets, the maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve values of CK significantly increased in a NUTRIOSE content-dependent manner. NUTRIOSE intake increased glycosidase activity and CK formation in rat intestinal contents. The CK-forming activities of intestinal microbiota cultured in vitro were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE. Conclusion: These results show that prebiotic diets, such as NUTRIOSE, may promote the metabolic conversion of ginsenosides to CK and the subsequent absorption of CK in the gastrointestinal tract and may potentiate the pharmacological effects of ginseng.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.722-727
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• 2003

자일리톨은 탄소 5개가 있는 탄수화물로 치아우식증을 억제할 목적으로 사용되는 자당 대체물이다. 구강내 세균인 Streptococcus oralis와 Streptococcus salivarius의 증식에 미치는 탄수화물 단독 및 자일리톨과의 병합작용을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 배지의 자일리톨 농도가 증가함에 따라 Streptococcus oralis와 Streptococcus salivarius의 증식이 억제되었다. 액체배지에서 Streptococcus oralis의 배양 8시간 배양액 흡광도는 유당 첨가시 0.915, 자당 첨가시 1.107이었으나, 자일리톨을 병합하면 유당 첨가시 0.127, 자당 첨가시 0.104이었다. 액체배지에서 Streptococcus salivarius의 배양 8시간 배양액 흡광도는 유당 첨가시 1.550, 과당 첨가시 0.420이었으나, 자일리톨을 병합하면 유당 첨가시 0.271, 과당 첨가시 0.905이었다. 이상의 결과는 탄수화물의 종류와 자일리톨과의 병합에 따라 Streptococcus oralis와 Streptococcus salivarius의 증식 정도가 달랐다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.291-296
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• 2007

Insoluble glucans synthesized by Streptococcus mutans enhance the pathogenicity of oral biofilm by promoting the adherence and accumulation of cariogenic bacteria on the surface of the tooth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Leuconostoc spp. on the in vitro formation of S. mutans biofilm. Three strains, Leuconostoc gelidum A TCC 49366, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris A TCC 19254 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293, were used in this study. They exhibited profound inhibitory effects on the formation of S. mutans biofilm and on the proliferation of S. mutans. The water-soluble polymers produced from sucrose were most strongly produced by L. gelidum, followed by L. mesenteroides ssp. cremoris and L. mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides. The mean wet weights of the artificial biofilm of S. mutans were also significantly reduced as a result of the addition of the water-soluble polymers obtained from Leuconostoc cultures. According to the results of thin-layer chromatographic analysis, the hydrolysates of the water-soluble polymers produced by Leuconostoc were identical to those of dextran T-2000, forming predominately ${\alpha}-(1-6)$ glucose linkages. These results indicate that dextran-producing Leuconostoc strains are able to inhibit the formation of S. mutans biofilm in vitro.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.619-625
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• 2005

함초 추출물 분말을 첨가하여 유산 발효시킨 함초 요구르트를 streptozotocin-유발 당뇨쥐에 투여하여 항당뇨효과 및 콜레스테롤 저하 효과를 규명하기 위하여 3주간 실험하였다. 당뇨 대조군에 비해 함초 요구르트 투여군에서 혈당치 농도 및 식이 섭취량이 현저히 감소하였다. 경구당부하 실험에서도 당뇨 대조군에 비해 함초 요구르트 투여군에서 현저한 혈당상승 억제작용을 나타내었다. 당뇨쥐에 함초 요구르트와 일반 요구르트 섭취에 의해 혈중 총 콜레스테롤 농도 감소와 더불어 동맥경화지수도 감소하였다. 따라서, 함초 요구르트에 의한 혈당치 및 콜레스테롤 농도 감소효과는 고혈당증 및 고 콜레스테롤 혈중에도 유익한 작용을 할 수 있는 기능성식품 개발 가능성이 있음을 시사하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.535-540
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• 2003

최근 발효식품의 건강학적 활용면에 관한 연구는 활발히 진행되고 있다. 또한 발효식품 중에 가장 중요한 간장 발효미생물의 건강제품의 활용에 대해서 많은 연구가 진행되었다. 재래식 간장에 관한 연구결과로 항암작용, 노화지연, 호르몬 분비 촉진 등이 보고되고 있으나, 구강질환 원인균에 대한 방제효과가 있는가에 관한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 치아우식 등 구강질환 원인균인 Streptococcus sanguis, S. salivarius, S. mutans들의 성장을 억제하는 방제균을 선발하고 이들을 동정하기 위해 시행되었다. 우선 25종의 간장발효 균주를 분리하였고, 그 중 구강질환 방제력이 높은 2 균주(NG 06, NG 16)를 선별하였다. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology의 세균분류동정표에 의해 각종 동정에 필요한 배양학적, 형태학적, 생화학적 특성을 시험한 결과와 $Biolog^{(R)}$사의 세균동정시스템(MicroLogTM 3)을 이용하여 검정 실험한 결과 NG 06은 Bacillus racemilacticus로 NG 16은 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens으로 최종 확인, 동정되었다(Table 3). 앞으로 이 균들이 생산해내는 항균물질의 길항 기작에 관한 연구와 그 효능을 검증하고자 하며 그 항균물질 효과생산 최적조건에 대한 연구를 수행할 계획이다. 나아가 세치제 및 구강위생용품으로 활용면에 관한 연구를 확대하고자 한다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2005

감국에 존재하는 항충치활성 물질 및 glucosyltransferase 저해 효과에 대한 정보를 얻고자 본 연구를 시도하였다. 감국 ethanol 추출물의 항충치활성을 S. mutans 및 구강세균에 대해 검색한 결과, S. mutans와 2종의 구강세균에 대하여 활성이 높게 나타났다. 감국 ethanol 추출물의 농도에 따라 GTase 저해효과는 $78.4{\sim}92.3%$의 범위로 나타나 농도가 증가할 수록 활성도 함께 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 감국을 ethanol로 추출, 용매분획하여 얻어진 활성성분을 silica gel adsorption chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, TLC 그리고 HPLC 등의 방법으로 분석한 결과, 감국에 존재하는 항충치활성 물질은 약간의 극성을 띠는 중성물질로 분자량이 200-400정도 되는 저분자 물질인 것으로 확인되었다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.317-334
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• 2002

Ginsenosides are metabolized (deglycosylated) by intestinal bacteria to active forms after oral administration. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol $20-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (M1) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (M4) are the main intestinal bacterial metabolites (IBMs) of protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type glycosides. M1 was selectively accumulated into the liver soon after its intravenous (i.v.) administration to mice, and mostly excreted as bile; however, some M1 was transformed to fatty acid ester (EMl) in the liver. EM1 was isolated from rats in a recovery dose of approximately $24mol\%.$ Structural analysis indicated that EM1 comprised a family of fatty acid mono-esters of M1. Because EM1 was not excreted as bile as Ml was, it was accumulated in the liver longer than M1. The in vitro cytotoxicity of M1 was attenuated by fatty acid esterification, implying that esterification is a detoxification reaction. However, esterified M1 (EM1) inhibited the growth of B16 melanoma more than Ml in vivo. The in vivo antitumor activity paralleled with the pharmacokinetic behavior. In the case of M4, orally administered M4 was absorbed from the small intestine into the mesenteric lymphatics followed by the rapid esterification of M4 with fatty acids and its spreading to other organs in the body and excretion as bile. The administration of M4 prior to tumor injection abrogated the enhanced lung metastasis in the mice pretreated with 2-chloroadenosine more effectively than in those pretreated with anti-asialo GMl. Both EM1 and EM4 did not directly affect tumor growth in vitro, whereas EM1 promoted tumor cell lysis by lymphocytes, particularly non-adherent splenocytes, and EM4 stimulated splenic NK cells to become cytotoxic to tumor cells. Thus, the esterification of IBM with fatty acids potentiated the antitumor activity of parental IBM through delay of the clearance and through immunostimulation. These results suggest that the fatty acid conjugates of IBMs may be the real active principles of ginsenosides in the body.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2021

Background: Stress as a cause of mental health problems is known to be more prevalent in women than in men and has a negative effect on several aspects of physical health, such as the composition of blood and saliva. This study investigated the relationship of perceived stress with blood cell counts, saliva flow rate, and saliva factors. Methods: We recruited women in their 20s with a high prevalence of stress. Stress was evaluated using the Korean version of the perceived stress scale. Blood tests included white blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet. We then examined the saliva flow rate and cariogenic bacteria level, acidity, occult blood, buffer capacity, leukocyte level, protein level, and ammonia level using rinse water with the SILL-Ha^Ⓡ saliva test system. Results: In a total of 70 participants, the average age was 21.64 years old, the average perceived stress score was 16.96±4.32, and high levels of stress were reported by 80% of the participants (n=56). The high-stress group had lower hemoglobin levels. In addition, the high-stress group showed a lower saliva flow rate than the low-stress group, and there was a difference in the salivary acidity and buffer capacity. The total perceived stress score showed a positive correlation with acidity and negative correlation with buffer capacity and the hemoglobin level. Conclusion: This study found that stress in female college students might affect the composition of blood and saliva. High levels of stress were positively correlated with the hemoglobin level, saliva flow rate, and acidity and negatively correlated with the buffer capacity.