• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.429-460
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• 1999

The letter of credit is quintessentially international. In the absence of international legal system, a private system based on banking practices has evolved, commanding the adherence of the international letter of credit community and providing the foundation of th reputation of this instrument. To maintain this international system, it is vital that international standard banking practice should not be subject to local interpretations that misconstrue or distort it. The UCP is a formulation of international standard banking practice. It is neither positive law nor a "contract term" in any traditional sense and its interpretation must be consonant with its character as a living repositary of international understanding in this field. As a result, the interpretation and application of specific articles of the UCP must be consistent with its evolving character and history and with the principles upon which sound letter of credit practice is predicated. This study, especially, focuses on article 13 and article 14 of the UCP500. Article 13(b) of UCP500 stipulates that banks will have a reasonable time, not to exceed seven days, to examine documents to determine whether they comply facially with the terms of the credit. The seven-day provision is not designed as a safe harbor, because the rule requires the issuer to act within a reasonable time. But, by virtue of the deletion of the preclusion rule in the document examination article in UCP500, however, seven days may evolve as something of a safe harbor, especially for banks that engage in strategic behavior. True, under UCP500 banks are supposed to examine documents within a reasonable time, but there are no consequences in UCP500 for a bank's violation of that duty. It is only in the next provision. Courts might read the preclusion more broadly than the literal reading mentioned here or might fashion a common-law preclusion rule that does not require a showing of detriment. Absent that kind of development, the change in the preclusion rule could have adverse effects on the beneficiary. The penalty, strict estoppel or strict preclusion, under UCP500 and 95UCC differs from the classic estoppel. The classic estoppel rule requires a beneficiary to show three elements. 1. conduct on the part of the issuer that leads the beneficiary to believe that nonconforming documents do conform; 2. reasonable reliance by the beneficiary; and 3. detriment from that reliance. But stict preclusion rule needs not detrimental reliance. This strict estoppel rule is quite strict, and some see it as a fitting pro-beneficiary rule to counterbalance the usually pro-issuer rule of strict compliance.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.197-213
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• 1997

It is not easy to find a good production schedule which can be used in practice. Therefore, production scheduling simulation with a simple dispatching rule or a set of dispatching rules is used. However, a simple dispatching rule may not create a robust schedule, for the same rule is blindly applied to all internal production processes. The presumption is that there might be a specific combination of appropriate rules that can improve the efficiency of a total production system for a certain type of orders. In order to acquire a better set of dispatching rules, simulation is used to examine the performance of various combinations of dispatching rule sets. There are innumerable combination of rule sets. Hence it takes too much computer simulation time to find a robust set of dispatching rule for a specific production system. Therefore, we propose a concept of the knowledge based simulation to circumvent the problem. The knowledge based simulation consists of knowledge bases, an inference engine and a simulator. The knowledge base is made of rule sets that is extracted from both simulation and human intuition obtained by the simulation studies. For a certain type of orders, the proposed system provides several sets of dispatching rules that are expected to generate better results. Then the scheduler tries to find the best by simulating all proposed set of rules with the simulator. The knowledge-based simulator armed with the acquired knowledge has produced improved solutions in terms of time and scheduling performance.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2010

데이터마이닝은 방대한 양의 데이터 속에서 쉽게 드러나지 않는 유용한 정보를 체계적이고도 자동적으로 찾아내는 기법이다. 데이터마이닝의 중요한 목표 중의 하나는 여러 변수들 간의 관계를 발견하고 결정하는 것이다. 연관성 규칙은 항목 집합으로 표현된 트랜잭션에서 각 항목간의 연관성을 반영하는 규칙으로서, 항목 집합간의 관계를 지지도, 신뢰도, 순수 신뢰도 등과 같은 흥미도 측도에 의해 명확히 수치화함으로써 두 개 이상의 항목집합간의 관련성을 표시해주기 때문에 현업에서 많이 활용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 많이 활용되고 있는 흥미도 측도인 신뢰도와 순수 신뢰도의 문제점을 보완하여 연관성 규칙을 올바르게 생성하기 위한 새로운 의사결정과정을 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 의사결정과정은 특히 스트리밍 데이터베이스에서의 연관성 규칙을 탐색하는 데 효율적이다.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

Scan design is a structured design-for-testability technique in which flip-flops are re-designed so that the flip-flops are chained in shift registers. The scan design cannot be used in a design with scan design rule violations without modifying the design. The most important scan design rule is concerning clock and reset signals to pins of the flip-flops or scan cells. Clock and Reset pins of every scan cell must be controllable from top-level ports. We propose a new technique to re-design gated clocks and resets which violate the scan design rule concerning the clock and reset pins. This technique substitutes synchronous sequential circuits for gated clock and reset designs, which removes the clock and reset rule violations and improves fault coverage of the design. The fault coverage is improved from $90.48\%$ to $100.00\%$, from $92.31\%$ to $100.00\%$, from $95.45\%$ to $100.00\%$, from $97.50\%$ to $100.00\%$ in a design with gated clocks and resets.

• 정보학연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.95-112
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• 2005

This paper will look into the Main Substance and Some Problems of 24 hours Advance Cargo Manifest Declaration Rule, focuses on the Policy implication of Korea's and counter measures of our parties concerned about 24-hour advance vessel manifest rule. The 24-hour rule requires cargo owners to submit cargo manifest information to U.S. Customs 24 hours before vessel sailing from the final foreign port to a U.S. port. Cargo manifest information must be complete, accurate, and timely. As of February 2, 2003 manifest information can be submitted by paper or electronically. Cargo descriptions must be at a level of detail consistent with Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) codes used by U.S. Customs. HTS codes are 10 digits. Electronic submissions are made via the Automated Manifest System (AMS) run by U.S. Customs.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1103-1109
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• 2003

An adaptive bone remodeling is simulated by using the cellular automata (CA) method. It is assumed that bone tissue consist of bone marrow, osteoclast, osteoblast cell or osteoprogenitor cell. Two types of local rule are adopted; those are the metabolism rule and adaptive bone formation rule. The metabolism rule is based on the interactions of cells and the bone formation rule is based on the adaptation against the mechanical stimulus. The history of load and memory of mechanical stimulus are also considered in the local rules. As a result, the pattern of distribution of the bone tissue is dynamically adequate and it is similar to intact cancellous bone.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1993년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부
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• pp.329-331
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• 1993

A new RMFSOC(Reference Model Following Self-Organizing Controller) is proposed. It is composed by adding the reference model and decision rule to the Mamdani's SOC. The reference model is introduced to explicitly specify the control performance. The self-organizing level of the RMFSOC organizes the control rule which makes the process output follow the reference output generated by the reference model. In order to avoid unnecessary control rule modification, a decision rule is also introduced to determine whether the control rule modification is needed or not.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1990

In this paper, a knowledge base editor is presented as a supporting environment for an expert system building tool, OPS5. The knowledge base editor is especially useful for the fast and easy development of a knowledge base when the OPS5 production language is used. This knowledge base editor has some special facilities such as syntax and type checking, rule browsing and automatic bokkeeping. The syntax and type checking provides the facilities to find syntax and type errors in an edited knowledge base, respectively. The rule browsing facility offers various pattern matching schemes to see the causes and effects of a concerned rule. Automatic bookkeeping keeps the updated date and user name of a rule for the later reference whenever a user adds or changes a rule.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1991년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.67-72
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• 1991

This paper evaluates thequality of synthesized speech by rule using the LPC CD in the objective measure and then compares the result with the subjective analysis. By evaluating the quality of synthesized speech by rule objectively. We have tried to resolve the problems (Evaluation time or size expansion, variables within the analysis results) that arise when the evaluation is done subjectively. Also by comparing intelligibility-the index for the subjective quality evaluation of synthesized speech by rule-with evaluation results obtained using MOS and the objective evaluation. We have proved the validity of the objective analysis and thus provides a guide that would be useful when R&D and marketing of synthesis by rule method is done.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose an efficient decision rule in order to get better chance to detect the unused spectrum assigned to a licensed user and improve reliability of spectrum sensing performance. Each secondary user receives the signals from the licensed user. And the resulting signals input to an energy detector. Then, each sensing result is combined and used to make a decision whether the primary user is present at the licensed spectrum band or not. In order to make the reliable decision, we apply an efficient decision rule that is called as a majority rule in this paper. The simulation results show that spectrum sensing performance with the proposed decision rule is more reasonable and efficient than that with conventional decision rules.