• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2004

Three banana-shaped achiral compounds, 4-chloro-1,3-phenylene bis [4-{4-(undecenyloxy)phenyl imino-methyl} benzoate] derivatives, were synthesized with variation of a substituent (x=H, F, Cl); their antiferro-electric properties are described. The smectic mesophases, including a switchable chiral smectic C(Sm $C^{\ast}$) phase, were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, triangular wave method, and X-ray diffractometry. The presence of vinyl groups at the terminals of linear side wings in the banana-shaped achiral molecules induced a decrease in melting temperature and formation of the switchable Sm $C^{\ast}$ phase in the melt. The smectic phase having a lateral fluorine-substituent at 3-position of the Schiff's base moiety showed antiferroelctric switching, and the value of spontaneous polarization on reversal of an applied electric field was 250 nC/$cm^2$ .

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.239-244
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• 1999

Bi-doped lanthanum magnetics $(La_{0.67-x}Bi_xCa_{0.33}MnO_3(x\;=\;0,\; 0.04,\; 0.1,\; 0.2))$ samples have been prepared by standard ceramic process. The crystallinity and microstructures of the samples have been investigated by x-ray diffractometry and optical microscopy, respectively. The magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of the samples have been measured by vibrating sample magnetometery and van der Pauw method, respectively, at the temperatures ranging of 100 K~300 K with applied magnetic field of 0.4~0.5 T. Good crystallinity and high Curie temperature (275 K) have been obtained for the Bi-doped samples with small dosage (x = 0.04, 0.1) even they were sintered at 120$0^{\circ}C$, which is about 20$0^{\circ}C$ lower than normal sintering temperature of 140$0^{\circ}C$. The Bi-doped samples with the small dosage showed lower relative electrical resistivity and higher magneto-resistive ratio compared to the undoped sample in the most temperatures measured. The Bi-doped samples also exhibited large magnetoresisitve ratio (maximum of 15% for x = 0.1) at room temperature even under a weak magnetic field of 0.4 T.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.75-82
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• 2004

A metrological atomic force microscope (M-AFM) was developed fur the length measurements of nanometer range, through the modification of a commercial AFM. To eliminate nonlinearity and crosstalk of the PZT tube scanner of the commercial AFM, a two-axis flexure hinge scanner employing built-in capacitive sensors is used for X-Y motion instead of PZT tube scanner. Then two-dimensional displacement of the scanner is measured using two-axis heterodyne laser interferometer to ensure the meter-traceability. Through the measurements of several specimens, we could verify the elimination of nonlinearity and crosstalk. The uncertainty of length measurements was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Among several sources of uncertainty, the primary one is the drift of laser interferometer output, which occurs mainly from the variation of refractive index of air and the thermal stability. The Abbe error, which is proportional to the measured length, is another primary uncertainty source coming from the parasitic motion of the scanner. The expanded uncertainty (k =2) of length measurements using the M-AFM is √(4.26)$^2$+(2.84${\times}$10$^{-4}$ ${\times}$L)$^2$(nm), where f is the measured length in nm. We also measured the pitch of one-dimensional grating and compared the results with those obtained by optical diffractometry. The relative difference between these results is less than 0.01 %.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2010

We used melt polymerization method to prepare a series of aromatic liquid crystals (LCs) based on aromatic ester and amide units with the reactive methyl-maleimide end group, and then the resulting thermally cross-linked LCs to produce LC thermoset films by means of solution casting and the followed heat treatment. The synthesized LCs and LCTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) with a hot stage. All of the LCs prepared by melt polymerization method formed smectic mesophases. The thermal properties of the LC and LCT films were strongly affected by the mesogen units in the main chain structures. The thermal expansion coefficients of samples were in the range of 27.72~50.95 ppm/$^{\circ}C$.

• Biomaterials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2018

Background: Black phosphorus (BP) has emerged as a novel class of nanomaterials owing to its unique optical and electronic properties. BP, a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, is a structure where phosphorenes are stacked together in layers by van der Waals interactions. However, although BP nanodots have many advantages, their biosafety and biological effect have not yet been elucidated as compared to the other nanomaterials. Therefore, it is particularly important to assess the cytotoxicity of BP nanodots for exploring their potentials as novel biomaterials. Methods: BP nanodots were prepared by exfoliation with a modified ultrasonication-assisted solution method. The physicochemical properties of BP nanodots were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. In addition, the cytotoxicity of BP nanodots against C2C12 myoblasts was evaluated. Moreover, their cell imaging potential was investigated. Results: Herein, we concentrated on evaluating the cytotoxicity of BP nanodots and investigating their cell imaging potential. It was revealed that the BP nanodots were cytocompatible at a low concentration, although the cell viability was decreased with increasing BP nanodot concentration. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the cells took up the BP nanodots, and the BP nanodots exhibited green fluorescence. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings suggest that the BP nanodots have suitable biocompatibility, and are promising candidates as fluorescence probes for biomedical imaging applications.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.797-808
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of microporous, spherical biphasic calcium phosphate(BCP) ceramics with a 60/40 $hydroxyapatite/{\beta}$ -tricalcium phosphate weight ratio for application as a bone graft substitute. Materials and Methods : Microporous, spherical BCP granules(MGSB) were prepared and their basic characteristics were compared with commercially available BCP(MBCP; Biomatlante, France) and deproteinized bovine bone mineral(Bio-Oss; GBistlich-Pharma, Switzerland, BBP; Oscotec. Korea), Their physicochemical properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. Cell viability and proliferation of MC3T3-El cells on different graft materials were evaluated. Results : MGSB granules showed a chemical composition and crystallinity similar with those in MBCP, they showed surface structure characteristic of three dimensionally, well-interconnected micropores. The results of MTT assay showed increases in cell viablity with increasing incubation times. At 4d of incubation, MGSB, MBCP and BBP showed similar values in optical density, but Bio-Oss exhibited significantly lower optical density compared to other bone substitutes(p <0,05). MGSB showed significantly greater cell number compared to other bone substitutes at 3, 5, and 7d of incubation(p <0,05), which were similar with those in polystyrene culture plates. Conclusion: These results indicated the suitable physicochemical properties of MGSB granules for application as an effective bone graft substitute. which provided compatible environment for osteoblast cell growth. However, further detailed studies are needed to confirm its biological effects on bone formation in vivo.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

The effect of indium on the microstructure and hardness of a Au-Pt-Cu ternary alloy was investigated using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy x-ray diffractometry, electron probe microanalizer and vickers hardness tester. A hardness of the solution floated Au-Pt-Cu-0.5In quarternary alloy with 0.5 wt.% was reached a maximum value (162 Hv) in 30 min at 550$^{\circ}C$ in the range of 150 to 950$^{\circ}C$ but that of the alloy was rapidly increased until 30 min with increasing aging time at 550$^{\circ}C$ and after that was remained almost constant value. Also, the microhardness of the matrix Au-Pt-Cu ternary alloy aged at 550$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min was continuously increased with indium contents and the grain size of Au-Pt-Cu ternary alloy decreased as increased indium contents. Analyses of EPMA and XRD revealed that the matrix Au-Pt-Cu-In quarternary alloy is composed of fcc structure and intermetallic InPt$_3$ precipitate with Ll$_2$ structure. Based on this investigation, it can be concluded that an increase in microhardness of Au-Pt-Cu-In quarternary alloy is due to precipitation hardening InPt$_3$ and grain size refinement.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.1006-1011
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• 1999

B-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) thin films were prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition in a gas mixture of $SiH_4$, $CH_4$ and $B_2H_6$. Microstructures and chemical properties of a-SiC:H films grown with varing the volume ratio of $CH_4$ to $SiH_4$ were characterized with various analysis methods including scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), UV absorption spectroscopy and photoconductivity measurements. While Si:H films grown without $CH_4$ showed amorphous state, the addition of $CH_4$ during deposition enhanced the development of a microcrystalline phase. By introducing C atoms into the film, Si-Si and Si--$\textrm{H}_{n}$ bonds of a -Si:H films were gradually replaced by Si-C, C-C, and Si--$\textrm{C}_{n}\textrm{H}_{m}$ bonds. Consequently, the electrical resistivity and optical bandgap of a-SiC:H films were increased with the C concentration in the film.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2000

The behavior of nucleation and crystallization in the $Li_2O_3-SiO_2$ glass heat-treated at different condition under the conventional and microwave processing was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), and electrical conductivity measurement. Nucleation temperature and temperature of maximum nucleation rate in both conventionally and microwave heat-treated samples were 460~$500^{\circ}C$ and $580^{\circ}C$, respectively. It was expected that the probability for bulk crystallization increased in microwave heat-treated sample, compared to conventionally heat-treated one. Degree of crystallization increased with increasing crystallization temperature in both conventionally and microwave heat-treated samples. However, pattern of crystallization growth under microwave processing appeared to be quite different from that under the conventional one due to its internal or volumetric heating. Electrical conductivity of conventionally and microwave heat-treated samples were 1.337~2.299, 0.281~~$0.911{\times}10^{-7}\Omega {\textrm}{cm}^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.374-379
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• 1998

$Mn_1-xCr_xPt_3$ alloy films have been prepared by depositing (Mn, Cr)/Pt multilayers using a rf magnetron sputterer followed by heat treatment. Small and wide angle x-ray diffractometry, magnetic hysteresis loops and Kerr rotation angle spectra of the films have been measured and used to investigate structural, magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the films. The films had a crystal structure of ordered AuCu$_3$ type and the strong preferred orientation of a (111)plane parallel to the film surface. The saturation magnetization of the films was decreased with Cr content reaching almost zero near x=0.58 and then increased for further increasement of Cr content up to x=0.77 over that stayed almost constant. This indicated that Cr atoms were antiferromagnetically coupled with Mn atoms. The magnetic easy axis of MnPt$_3$(x=0) film was parallel to the film surface but those of the films with x$\geq$0.58 increased as Cr content increased reaching about 4 kOe at x=1(CrPt$_3$). The dependence of the Kerr rotation angle on the Cr content was similar to that of the saturation magnetization on the Cr content. The films with x=0.77 and x=1 showed the larger Kerr rotation angle at the wavelengths of near infrared compared to the magneto-optic recording medium, TbFeCo, currently being used.