• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.857-865
• /
• 2023

This study aimed to develop a seismic retrofit technique using a steel frame which can be easily transported and assembled on site. This enables the retrofit steel frame to be easily attached to an existing structure minimizing the unwanted gap between the structure and the steel frame assembly. A one-story one-bay RC frame was tested with and without seismic retrofit using the proposed steel frame to verify the seismic retrofit effect of the proposed system, and an analysis model was developed in Opensees for seismic performance evaluation of a case study soft first-story model structure retrofitted with the developed steel frame assembly. Seismic performance of the model structure was also evaluated considering soil structure interaction effect. The experimental study confirmed that the proposed seismic retrofit system can be applied effectively to improve the seismic performance of framed structures. Time history analysis results of the model structure showed that the proposed steel frame assembly was effective in increasing the seismic load resisting capacity of the soft first-story structure. However more steel frame assemblies were required to satisfy the given performance limit state of the model structure located on weak soil due to the negative soil-structure interaction effect.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2024

This paper investigates the impact of local joint flexibility (LJF) on the fatigue life of jacket-type offshore platforms. Four sample platforms with varying geometric properties are modeled and analyzed using the Opensees software. The analysis considers the LJF of tubular joints through the equivalent element and flexible link approaches, and the results are compared to rigid modeling. Initially, modal analysis is conducted to examine the influence of LJF on the frequency content of the structure. Subsequently, fatigue analysis is performed to evaluate the fatigue life of the joints. The comparison of fatigue life reveals that incorporating LJF leads to reduced fatigue damage and a significant increase in the longevity of the joints in the studied platforms. Moreover, as the platform height increases, the effect of LJF on fatigue damage becomes more pronounced. In conclusion, considering LJF in fatigue analysis provides more accurate results compared to conventional methods. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate the effects of LJF in the analysis and design of offshore jacket platforms to ensure their structural integrity and longevity.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2008

전단빌딩에 발생한 손상 추정에 있어서 대상 구조물의 물성치를 가정하고 이상화한 모델을 이용한 역해석이 필요하다. 강성행렬을 이용하는 고전적인 손상추정 방법에 비해 유연도 행렬을 이용한 손상추정은 구조물의 저차모드를 이용하기 때문에 비교적 정확한 값을 계산할 수 있기 때문에 더 효과적으로 알려져 있다. 이 논문에서는 손상추정을 위한 알고리즘으로 유전자 알고리즘(Genetic Algorithm, GA)을 도입하였고, 구조 응답에서 취득할 수 있는 유연도 행렬을 이용하여 역해석을 통한 손상추정 기법을 소개하고 있다. 제안된 손상추정 기법은 전단빌딩의 강성에 대한 정확한 정보가 없는 상황에서 전단빌딩의 손상으로 인한 실제 강성변화량을 추정하도록 하였다. 더불어 open source code인 OPENSEES를 이용하여 전단빌딩 수치해석을 통해 제안된 손상추정 기법의 효율성을 검증하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.295-307
• /
• 2021

The gap provided between adjacent structures in the metropolitan cities is mostly narrow due to architectural and financial issues. Consequently, structural pounding occurs between adjacent structures during earthquakes. It causes damages, ranging from minor local to more severe ones, especially in the case of seismically isolated buildings, due to their higher displacements. However, due to the increased flexibility of isolated buildings, the problem could become more detrimental to such structures. The effect of the seismic pounding of moat walls on the response of buildings isolated by Triple Friction Pendulum Bearing (TFPB) is investigated in this paper. To this propose, two symmetric three-dimensional models, including single-story and five-story buildings, are modeled in Opensees. Nonlinear Time History Analyses (NTHA) are performed for seismic evaluation. Also, five different sizes with four different sets of friction coefficients are considered for base isolators to cover a whole range of base isolation systems with various geometry configurations and fundamental period. The results are investigated in terms of base shear, buildings' drift, and roof acceleration. Results indicated a profound effect of poundings against moat walls. In situations of potential pounding, in some cases, the influence of impact on seismic responses of multistory buildings was more remarkable.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.417-427
• /
• 2023

If the center of mass and center of stiffness or strength of a structure plan do not coincide, the structure is considered asymmetric. During an earthquake, in addition to lateral vibration, the structure experiences torsional vibration as well. Lateraltorsional coupling in asymmetric structures in the plan will increase lateral displacement at the ends of the structure plan and, as a result, uneven deformation demand in seismically resistant frames. The demand for displacement in resistant frames depends on the magnitude of transitional displacement to rotational displacement in the plan and the correlation between these two. With regard to the inability to eliminate the asymmetrical condition due to various reasons, such as architectural issues, this study has attempted to use supplemental viscous dampers to decrease the correlation between lateral and torsional acceleration or displacement in the plan. This results in an almost even demand for lateral deformation and acceleration of seismic resistant frames. On this basis, using the concept of Torsional Balance, adequate distribution of viscous dampers for the decrease of this correlation was determined by transferring the "Empirical Center of Balance" (ECB) to the geometrical center of the structure plan and thus obtaining an equal mean square value of displacement and acceleration of the plan edges. This study analyzed stiff and flexible torsional structures with one-way and two-way mass asymmetry in the Opensees software. By implementing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the optimum formation of dampers for controlling lateral displacement and acceleration is determined. The results indicate that with the appropriate distribution of viscous dampers, not only does the lateral displacement and acceleration of structure edges decrease but the lateral displacement or acceleration of the structure edges also become equal. It is also observed that the optimized center of viscous dampers for control of displacement and acceleration of structure depends on the amount of mass eccentricity, the ratio of uncoupled torsional-to-lateral frequency, and the amount of supplemental damping ratio. Accordingly, distributions of viscous dampers in the structure plan are presented to control the structure's torsion based on the parameters mentioned.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.319-329
• /
• 2020

현재 우리나라에서 운영 중인 교량 중 30년 이상 된 교량이 전체의 약 11%를 차지할 정도로 노후교량의 수가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 교량의 노후화에 따른 영향을 고려한 내진성능 평가방법의 개발이 필요하다고 볼 수 있다. 예제 교량으로는 포트받침, 탄성고무받침과 납-고무받침을 가진 3가지의 강합성 상자형 거더교를 선정하고, opensees 프로그램을 사용하여 구조해석모델을 작성하였다. 본 연구에서는 교량의 노후도를 교각의 주철근과 띠철근의 부식에 의한 면적의 감소로 반영하였다. 교각의 노후화 정도로는 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%의 4가지 조건을 사용하였다. 입력지진으로는 근거리 지진과 원거리 지진을 각각 40개씩 사용하였으며, 노후화 정도에 따른 예제교량의 교각에 대한 최대변위와 최대 전단력 응답을 구하여 비교하였다. 노후도가 증가할수록 힘-변위 관계에서 교각의 강도 저하가 발생함을 알 수 있으며, 이로 인하여 교각의 변위응답이 증가함을 알 수 있다. 교각의 노후도에 따른 변위응답과 전단저항능력의 영향을 분석하기 위하여 변위비(D_ratio)와 전단력비(F_ratio)를 정의하여 평가하였다. 예제교량의 고유주기가 길어질수록 노후도에 따른 변위비(D_ratio)의 증가가 크게 나타남을 알 수 있으며, 전단력비(F_ratio)의 감소 경향은 작게 나타남을 알 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제78권1호
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2021

Inelastic static pushover analysis has been used in the academic-research widely for seismic analysis of structures. Nowadays, the variety pushover analysis methods have been developed, including Modal pushover, Adaptive pushover, and Cyclic pushover, in which some weaknesses of the conventional pushover method have been rectified. In the conventional pushover analysis method, the effects of cumulative growth of cracks are not considered on the reduction of strength and stiffness of RC members that occur during earthquake or cyclic loading. Therefore, the Cyclic Pushover Analysis Method (CPA) has been proposed. This method is a powerful technique for seismic evaluation of regular reinforced concrete buildings in which the first mode of them is dominant. Since the bridges have different structures than buildings, their results cannot necessarily be attributed to bridges, and more research is needed. In this study, a cyclic pushover analysis with four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) by the Opensees software was conducted for seismic evaluation of two regular reinforce concrete bridges. The modeling method was validated with the comparison of the analytical and experimental results under both cyclic and dynamic loading. The failure mode of the piers was considered in two-mode of flexural failure and also a flexural-shear failure. Along with the cyclic analysis, conventional analysis has been studied. Also, the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. The time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used to conduct IDA. After analysis, the base shear vs. displacement in the middle of the deck was drawn. The obtained results show that the cyclic pushover analysis method is able to evaluate an accurate seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete piers of the bridges. Based on the results, the cyclic pushover has proper convergence with IDA. Its accuracy was much higher than the conventional pushover, in which the bridge piers failed in flexural-shear mode. But, in the flexural failure mode, the results of each two pushover methods were close approximately. Besides, the cyclic pushover method with ACI loading protocol, and ATC-24 loading protocol, can provided more accurate results for evaluating the seismic investigation of the bridges, specially if the bridge piers are failed in flexural-shear failure mode.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 2022

교량 기초의 지반-구조물 상호작용은 지진 시 교량의 거동에 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인으로 지적되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 지반의 특성 및 기초의 특성이 교량 기초의 지진취약도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 지반의 특성 변화 및 기초의 크기 변화를 고려한 등가정적해석 결과, 상재하중이 작용하는 경우 같은 수준의 횡방향 변위를 발생시키기 위해 요구되는 하중이 증가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 비선형성은 상재하중이 없는 경우가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 느슨한 지반에서 조밀한 지반으로 갈수록 기초의 크기가 증가할수록 동일한 변위를 발생시키기 위해 더 큰 하중을 필요로 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 교량의 지진취약도를 합리적으로 획득하기 위한 접근법을 도출하기 위하여 교량 기초의 지진취약도를 4가지의 조건(고정단 조건, 도로교 설계기준-등가선형강성, 상재하중 고려 시 및 미고려 시 비선형 강성)을 고려하여 비교하였다. 단주교각에 대한 지진해석은 Opensees를 이용하여 수행하였다. 지진취약도 분석 결과, 보수적인 접근법으로 확대기초는 고정단으로 고려할 수 있으며, 말뚝기초의 크기가 작은 경우는 고정단으로 고려하여 안전측 설계를 검토할 수 있으나, 말뚝의 크기가 대형화 하는 경우는 비경제적인 설계가 될 수 있으므로, 지반조건에 따라 기초의 강성을 평가할 수 있는 도로교 등가 선형 스프링 강성을 고려하는 것이 합리적인 접근법으로 판단된다.