• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.68-83
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• 2010

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) occurred sympatrically with other weeds and the rice crop in Malaysian rice granaries. We conducted field surveys in 2006-2008 seasons in 7 farm blocks of Selangor's North West Project, Malaysia to enlist the new biotypes of weedy rice (NBWR) and assess their spatio-temporal pattern of distribution based on quantitative and dispersion indices. No less than 16 accessions of NBWR were identified based on their special traits, viz. panicle type, pericarp colour, presence or absence of awn, seed type and degree of grain shattering. The NBWR accessions exhibited a combination of morphological traits from open panicle, grain with awns, red pericarp, short grain type, and degrees of grain shattering. Others mimic commercial rices with close panicle, awnless grains, white pericarp, long or short grain-type. Invariably, the NBWRs mimic and stand as tall as cultivated rice namely MR219, MR220, or MR235 and these NBWR accessions stand among equals morphologically vis-a-vis the commercial rice varieties. Most accessions displayed varying degrees of grain shattering in excess of 50%, except Acc9 and Acc12. The seasonal dynamics of on the prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions were also displaying significant differences among farm blocks. While Bagan Terap farm block, for example, did not record any measurable changes in the dominant NBWR accessions over seasons, the Sungai Leman farm block recorded measurable season-mediated changes in the dominant NBWR accessions. Sungai Leman started with NBWR Acc3, Acc4, Acc5, Acc7, Acc8, and Acc12 in season 1 of 2006/2007, but no measurable records of Acc3 and Acc5 were shown in season 2 of 2007. In season 3 of 2007/2008, only Acc8 and Acc12 prevailed in the farm block. In Sawah Sempadan farm block, season 3 of 2007/2008 showed much reduced prevalence of NBWRs leaving only Acc8 and Acc12. Most accessions registered clump or under-dispersed spatial distribution pattern based on quantitative indices: variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) and Lloyd's patchiness values. The dynamics on the extent of infestation and prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions registered both season- and farm-block mediated differences. Most accessions showed VMR >1 thus indicative of having a clump or clustered spatial distribution, as exemplified by Acc3, Acc4, Acc7, Acc8 and Acc12 in all farm blocks throughout three seasons. Some accessions have either random or uniform distribution in a few farm blocks. The Acc8 has the highest population counts based on important value index, followed by Acc12, and both were the most dominant accession while Sawah Sempadan was the worst farm block infested by NBWR compared to other farm blocks. These results were discussed in relation with the current agronomic and weed management practices, water availability and extension services in the granary.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1991

Single smooth muscle cells of the rabbit pulmonary artery were isolated by treatment with collagenase and elastase. Using the patch clamp technique, potassium channel activity was recorded from the inside-out membrane patch. The channel had a sin히e channel conductance of about 360 pS in symmetrical concentration of K on both sides of the patch, 150 mM, and had a linear current-voltage relationship. During the application of 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) to the intracellular membrane surface, the amplitude of single channel current was reduced and very rapid flickering appeared. The open probability $(P_0)$ of this channel was increased by increasing positivity of the potential across the patch membrane, with e-fold increase by 20 mV depolarization, and by increasing the internal $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. These findings are consistent with those of large conductance Ca-activated K channels reported in other tissues. But the shortening of the mean open time by increasing $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, was an unexpected result and one additional closed state which might be arisen from a block of the open channel by Ca binding was suggested. The $P_0-membrane$ potential relationship was modulated by internal pH. Decreasing pH reduced $P_0$. Increasing pH not only increased $P_0$ but also weakened the voltage dependency of the channel opening. The modulation of Ca-activated K channel by pH was thought to be related to the mechanism of regulation of vascular tone by the pH change.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2011

The effect of cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressant, on human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel as it is expressed in human embryonic kidney cells was studied using a whole-cell, patch-clamp technique. CsA inhibited the HERG channel in a concentration-dependent manner, with an $IC_{50}$ value and a Hill coefficient of $3.17{\mu}m$ and 0.89, respectively. Pretreatment with cypermethrine, a calcineurin inhibitor, had no effect on the CsA-induced inhibition of the HERG channel. The CsA-induced inhibition of HERG channels was voltage-dependent, with a steep increase over the voltage range of the channel opening. However, the inhibition exhibited voltage independence over the voltage range of fully activated channels. CsA blocked the HERG channels predominantly in the open and inactivated states rather than in the closed state. Results of the present study suggest that CsA acts directly on the HERG channel as an open-channel blocker, and it acts independently of its effect on calcineurin activity.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2020

Multi-Channel Switch ICs for IoT have integrated several solid state structure low ON-resistance bi-directional relay MOS switches with level shifter to drive high voltage and they should be independently controlled by external serialized logic control. These devices are designed for using in applications requiring high-voltage switching control by low-voltage control signals, such as medical ultra-sound imaging, ink-jet printer control, bare board open/short and leakage test system using Kelvin 4-terminal measurement method. This paper describes implementation of analog switch control block and its verification using Field programmable Gate Array (FPGA) test pattern generation. Each block has been implemented using Verilog hardware description language then simulated by Modelsim and prototyped in a FPGA board. Compare to conventional IC, The proposed architecture can be applied to fields where multiple entities need to be controlled simultaneously in the IoT environment and the proposed pattern generation method can be applied to test similar types of ICs.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.340-346
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• 2003

Driven by the growth of the Internet and the increasing ubiquity of embedded computing systems, the embedded system is exploding in terms of it proliferation of products and the number of complex applications. Intelligent dedicated systems and appliances used in interface, monitoring, communications, and control applications increasingly demand the services of a sophisticated, state-of-the-art operating system. In the case of industrial controller, it is required to use a real-time operating system (RTOS) as a good building block to enable Internet connectivity. However, commercial RTOSes are increasingly less desirable due to their lack of standardization and their inability to keep pace with the rapid evolution of technology. In order to overcome these problems, we consider using embedded Linux and embedded web server. Availability of source code, reduced licensing, reliability, open source community support, as well as others, are key reasons for the use of embedded linux by embedded developers. In this paper, we develop embedded linux platform to control the industrial inverter with the Internet connecting feature. The method of web-based management is also proposed by using the embedded web server and Java applet. We show the feasibility of remote management for the commercial inverter controller with the proposed three-tier web-based remote management system.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2018

Open-mode cracks could be commonly observed in layered rocks. A concept model is firstly used to explore the mechanism of the vertical cracks (VCs) in the top layer. Then the crack behaviour of the two-layer model is simulated based on a cohesive zone model (CZM) for layer interfaces and a plastic-damage model for rocks. The model indicates that the tensile stress normal to the VCs changes to compression if the crack spacing to layer thickness ratio is lower than a threshold. The results indicate that there is a threshold for interfacial shear strength that controls the crack patterns of the layered system. If the shear strength is lower than the threshold, the top layer is meshed by the VCs and interfacial cracks (ICs). When the shear strength is higher than the threshold, the top layer is meshed by the VCs and parallel cracks (PCs). If the shear strength is comparative to the threshold, a combining pattern of VCs, PCs and ICs for the top layer can be formed. The evolutions of stress distribution in the crack-bound block indicate that the ICs and PCs can reduce the load transferred for the substrate layer, and thus leads to a crack saturation state.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.11-17
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• 2016

The objective of this paper is to introduce a curriculum for BIM design and explores characteristic of BIM Design. In order to get our approach, conducted by means of BIM throughout an actual experiment by elementary school from Architectural programming, preliminary design to design development and construction drawing. The experiment states that curriculum for BIM design requires systemically to be made in the architectural education. And also schools integrate BIM teaching early into in their curriculum. Some schools claim that BIM is often perceived as stumbling block student' creativity on account of its instant building elements. But this is not so; it all depends on how BIM is taught in the architectural education. The results state that students in the architectural school today is required to learn design by means of BIM early in the first year. Also more importantly, in order to advance the BIM design, a curriculum for BIM design is required to diversely open class in the architectural education.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1397-1406
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• 2019

Objective: Feed energy required for pigs is first prioritized to meet maintenance costs. Additional energy intake in excess of the energy requirement for maintenance is retained as protein and fat in the body, leading to weight gain. The objective of this study was to estimate the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance ($ME_m$) by regressing body weight (BW) gain against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing pigs ($26.3{\pm}1.7kg$) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were 6 feeding levels which were calculated as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the estimated ad libitum MEI ($2,400kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$). All pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 30 d and weighed every 5 d. Moreover, each pig from each treatment was placed in the open-circuit respiration chambers to measure heat production (HP) and energy retained as protein ($RE_p$) and fat ($RE_f$) every 5 d. Serum biochemical parameters of pigs were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: The average daily gain (ADG) and HP as well as the $RE_p$ and $RE_f$ linearly increased with increasing feed intake (p<0.010). ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate concentration of serum tended to increase with increasing feed intake (p = 0.080). The regression equations of MEI on ADG were MEI, $kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d=1.88{\times}ADG$, g/d+782 ($R^2=0.86$) and $ME_m$ was estimated at $782kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$. Protein retention of growing pigs would be positive while REf would be negative at this feeding level via regression equations of $RE_p$ and $RE_f$ on MEI. Conclusion: The $ME_m$ was estimated at $782kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$ in current experiment. Furthermore, growing pigs will deposit protein and oxidize fat if provided feed at the estimated maintenance level.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.2014-2034
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• 2015

This paper focuses on solving co-channel interference (CCI) issues arising in the open subscriber group (OSG) mode of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Considering a general framework consisting of arbitrary number of picocells within a macro cell, where the inter-user interference (IUI) is the main CCI to macro user equipments (UEs), while the the inter-cell interference (ICI) is the major CCI to pico UEs. In this paper, three IA based transceiver design schemes are proposed. For macro cell, we uniformly use block diagonalization (BD) scheme to eliminate the IUI. And for picocells, three IA schemes are proposed to mitigate the ICI. The first scheme, named as zero forcing IA (ZF-IA) scheme, aligns the inter picocell interference onto an arbitrary sub-space of the cross-tier interference using ZF scheme. Considering the channel state information (CSI) of the desired channel of pico UEs, the second scheme, named as optimal desired sub-channel selected IA (ODC-IA) scheme, aligns the inter picocell interference onto a certain sub-space of the cross-tier interference, which guarantees the largest channel gain of the desired signal of pico UEs. The third IA scheme, named as maximum cross-tier interference selected IA (MI-IA) scheme, is designed for the system with less receive antennas. The inter picocell interference is aligned onto the space of the strongest cross-tier interference and only the interference on this space is nullified. The complexity analysis and simulations show that the proposed transceiver design schemes outperform the existing IA schemes in the OSG mode of HetNets, and the MI-IA scheme reduces the requirement of the receive antennas number with lower complexity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.3 s.345
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose a MIMO-OFDMA (Multi Input Multi Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) system based on beamforming for performance improvement of downlink real-time traffic transmission in harsh channel conditions with low CIR (Carrier-to-Interference Ratio). In the proposed system, we first consider the M-GTA-SBA (Modified-Grouped Transmit Antenna-Simple Bit Allocation) using effective CSI (Channel State Information) calculation procedure based on spatial resource grouping, which is adequate for the combination of MRT (Maximum Ratio Transmission) in the transmitter and MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) in the receiver. In addition, to reduce feedback information for the beamforming, we also apply QEGT (Quantized Equal Gain Transmission) based on quantization of amplitudes and phases of beam weights. Furthermore, considering multi-user environments, we propose the P-SRA (Proposed-Simple Resource Allocation) algorithm for fair and efficient resource allocation. Simulation results reveal that the proposed MIMO-OFDMA system achieves significant improvement of spectral efficiency in low CRI region as compared to a typical open-loop MIMO-OFDMA system using pseudo-orthogonal space time block code and H-ARQ IR (Hybrid-Automatic Repeat Request Incremental Redundancy).