• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.13-20
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• 2009

There have been increasing interests in the odor generation problems as concerns about the quality of life has been increased recently. Especially, approximately 67% of the odor complaints from environmental facilities are those from sewage treatment facilities and food waste treatment facilities. Moreover, sewage ocean dumping will be prohibited from 2012 by the international and domestic ocean laws, and thus, demand for alternative management plans is increasing. Therefore, it was first selected 5 sewage treatment facilities and 5 food waste treatment facilities where the amounts of waste are relatively immense in Busan, and collect their sludge samples. Then it was investigated the samples' physical and chemical characteristics through proximate analysis, elemental analysis, XRF analysis, and calorific value analysis. Finally, estimate the $H_2S$ emission rates were estimated in order to apply the results as the basic data for providing the fundamental solution for the oder complaints. As a result, the concentration of $H_2S$ in sewage sludge and in food waste treatment facility were 57.3 mg/kg and 19.7 mg/kg in average, respectively. Finally, the units of $H_2S$ in wastes stored in total 10 waste treatment facilities was estimated 16,017,910.0 mg/d.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2006

Ammonia emission from swine production process originates from three major sources: manure storage facility, swine housing, and land application of manure. Most of the ammonia gas that are emitted from swine production operations is the by-product of aerobic or anaerobic decomposition of swine waste by microorganism. Knowing the ammonia emission rate is necessary to understand how management practices or alternative manure handling process could reduce impacts of this emission on the environment and neighbors. Ammonia gas emission from pig slurry is very difficult to predict because it is affected by many factors including wind speed of slurry surface, temperature or pH of the swine slurry, sort breed differences and classes, and diets. This study was carried out to effects of pH and temperature on ammonia gas emission from growing-finishing pig slurry. Treated far slurry in this study were pH and temperature. Results showed that pH of slurry variable changes 5, 6, 7, 8 upon an addition of NaOH and $HNO_3$, respectively. The temperature of the slurry which was contained in a water bath maintained at increasing levels ranging from 10 to $35^{\circ}C$. Ammonia emission rate of influenced pH and temperature such that the increase in pH or temperature resulted to an increase in ammonia emission. The ammonia gas was not detected at pH 5 and 6. Moreover, at a slurry of pH 8, the ammonia ranged from 28 to 60ppm and 8-29 ppm at slurry pH of 7 while temperature was 13 to $33^{\circ}C$. When slurry pH was>6, the ammonia emission was significantly increased according to rise in temperature in contrast to acid treatment of the pH. There was also a significantly increase in ammonia emission relative to slurry pH of 7 to 8. The above findings showed that to effectively reduce ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs, the pH and temperature should be maintained a low levels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.316-325
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• 2012

In this study, we suggested adequate control technology by analyzing emission process and main chemical of VOC/HAPs generated from four paint factories in Busan area. And we estimated whether Kapok fiber, which is a natural material, can be commercially used for an absorbent by testing adsorption ability. As a result of this sturdy, above 60% of VOC/HAPs was volatilized and dispersed inside the working place without conducting control system of facilities during manufacturing paints. Concentration profile of VOC/HAPs, which is volatile naturally outside the factories, is surveyed above 70% at Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene. And a result of evaluation of odor attribution level about the component whose Odor Threshold is known, it is estimated that major cause material of A, B, C factories is Toluene and that of D factory is m/p-Xylene. And that result presented design arguments such as facilities specifications, activated carbon filling volume, and replace cycle of activated carbon as control technology. Also, that result presented emission process improvement such as adsorption of central-controlled ventilation device, installation of inlet flenge, and potable cleaning process. The rate of pollutant adsorption of Kapok fiber, which is natural material, is indicated about 91.9%, 66.7%. That result validated the possibility as replacement of activated carbon.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.90-104
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• 2019

In this study, CALPUFF modeling was performed, using a real surface and upper air meterological data to predict trustworthy modeling-results. Pollutant-releases from windscreen chambers of enclosed poultry farms, P1 and P2, and from a open poultry farm, P3, and their diffusing behavior were modeled by CALPUFF modeling with volume sources as well as by finally-adjusted CALPUFF modeling where a linear velocity of upward-exit gas averaged with the weight of each directional-emitting area was applied as a model-linear velocity ($u^M_y$) at a stack, with point sources. In addition, based upon the scenario of poultry farm-releasing odor and particulate matter (PM) removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% or their corresponding emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively, CALPUFF modeling was performed and concentrations of odor and PM were predicted at the region as a discrete receptor where civil complaints had been frequently filed. The predicted concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were compared with those required to meet according to the offensive odor control law or the atmospheric environmental law. Subsequently their required removal efficiencies at poultry farms of P1, P2 and P3 were estimated. As a result, a priori assumption that pollutant concentrations at their discrete receptors are reduced by the same fraction as pollutant concentrations at P1, P2 and P3 as volume source or point source, were controlled and reduced, was proven applicable in this study. In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of P1 compared with those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, were predicted similar each other. However, In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of both ammonia and $PM_{10}$ at not only P2 but also P3 were predicted higher than those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling. Nonetheless, the volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling was preferred as a safe approach to resolve civil complaints. Accordingly, the required degrees of pollution prevention against ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ at P1 and P2, were estimated in a proper manner.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.211-222
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• 2014

Pork belly meat is one of the most preferred food items for many Korean people. The odorants released from cooking of pork belly meat were measured by three kinds of cooking methods (Charcoal-grill (C), Electric Pan (E), and Gas burner-pan (G)). A total of 16 target compounds including carbonyl compounds, volatile organic compounds, and poly aromatic hydrocarbon were selected and analyzed for comparative purposes. Their emission concentrations were quantified using HPLC-UV, GC-MS, GC-TOF-MS, etc. The gas samples collected by Charcoal-grill cooking showed generally enhanced concentrations of most target compounds among all three kinds of cooking methods. In Charcoal-grill, concentration of benzene, formaldehyde and pyrene went up to 543, 516, and 402 ppb, respectively. It the results are compared in terms of the sum of odor intensity, the highest value (4.25) was also seen from Charcoal-grill. The results of this study confirm that the significantly reduced emission of harmful pollutants can be attained, it pork belly meat is cooked by the Gas or electric pan instead of Charcoal-grill.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.201-210
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• 2012

Because sensing odor varies depending on each person, even if the odor is released in line with the legal emission permission concentration levels, it can still become a social issue if a civil complaint is made. The purpose of this research is to study the possibility of putting Mn-Cu metallic oxide catalysts into practical use to economically eliminate acetaldehyde which produces a odor in the industrial process. An optimal operating parameter to eliminate acetaldehyde was deduced through a performance evaluation in the research laboratory and the performance was verified by applying the parameter into an actual facility as an on-the-site experiment through a Scale-up of pilot size. The operating temperature of the metallic oxide catalysts researched so far was at the minimum close to $220^{\circ}C$, and the $220^{\circ}C$ elimination efficiency was 50% or below. However, having experimented by using a Mn-Cu metallic oxide catalyst in this research, optimum elimination efficiency showed when space velocity (GHSV) was equal to or below 6,000 $hr^{-1}$. The average elimination efficiency was 61.2% when the catalyst controlling temperature was $120^{\circ}C$, 93.3% when the catalyst controlling temperature was $160^{\circ}C$, and 94.9% when catalyst controlling temperature was $180^{\circ}C$, thereby reflecting high elimination efficiency. The specific surface area of the catalyst was $200m^2/g$ before use, however, was reduced to $47.162m^2/g$ after 24 months and therefore showed that despite the decrease in specific surface area as time passed, there was no significant influence on the performance. Having operated Mn-Cu metallic oxide catalyst systems for at least two years on a site where there was no inflow of toxins like sulfur compounds and acidic gases, we were able to confirm that elimination efficiency of at least 90% was maintained.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.447-459
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• 2012

In this study, the emission characteristics of volatile and odorant species released from salted meat product (Spam) was investigated as a function of time. Gas samples released from Spam samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC) and sulfur compounds (RSC) at five different times for the elapsed (E) days of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 (E-0 to E-9) by GC/MS and GC/PFPD system, respectively. Results indicated that reduced sulfur, aldehyde, and ketone groups were the dominant odorants. Especially, hydrogen sulfide was the predominant in concentration and odor activity value (OAV) during the fresh stage. Its concentration was 1465 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (60.0% of the total mass) in E-0 and 455 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (28.0%) in E-1, while its OAV was 19.4 (78.3%: E-0) and 6.02 (41.7%: E-1). On the other hand, the concentration of acetone showed the maximum values in the decaying stage (E-3: 451 (43.2%), E-6: 369 (64.2%), and E-9: 1150 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (70.2%)). Furthermore, the concentration of 2,3-butanedione was also detected considerably from decaying sample (E-3: 17.6 (1.68%), E-6: 16.1 (2.80%), and E-9: 179 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (10.9%)). However, OAV of acetone was insignificant (<0.01%) in the decaying stage, while that of 2,3-butanedione was relatively high in the range of 1.14-11.6 (14.5-76.2% of ${\Sigma}OAV$). It thus confirmed that the major odorant groups generated from Spam samples changed with the progress of decay such as sulfur (fresh stage), aldehyde (intermediate stage), and ketone compounds (decaying stage).

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.323-344
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• 2001

This study analyzes the relative efficiencies of three types of non-landfill treatment of food wastes; recycling to fertilizers or animal feeds, reducing the size of food wastes, and fermentation of food wastes. Unlike previous studies our study incorporates not only usual inputs and outputs but also emissions of pollutants such as odor and noise generated by the treatment facilities into the analysis. A nonparametric method suggested by Fare et al. (1989) has been used to estimate the relative efficiencies of facilities incorporating emission of pollutants. The results show that recycling is more efficient than the other two treatment methods. It is also shown that the usual models that do not incorporate the environmental aspects of the treatment facilities derive a biased conclusion on the relative efficiencies.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2008

In this study, the emissions of carbonyl compounds as offensive odorants were measured using three food types (Kimchi, fresh fish, and salted fish) as a function of time. Odor samples for each food type, collected at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Only three kinds of carbonyl compounds were quantified above their respective detection limits: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. The emission patterns of these compounds were distinguishable from each other. Formaldehyde tends to peak at the beginning and decrease through time with unique patterns. Conversely, acetaldehyde and acetone seem to increase gradually through time. The results showed that relative patterns of carbonyl emissions were more distinguishable by compound type rather than food type.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.87-97
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• 2011

In this study, we organized the test results obtained from the performance tests for the CA certificated air cleaners which had been commercially available in Korea since 2003, and analyzed the correlation among the test parameters such as flow rate, particle collection efficiency, clean air delivery rate (CADR), ozone emission, odor removal efficiency and noise level etc. The noise level of 267 air cleaners were increased as concentrated at the 45, 50, 55 dB, which are the required noise level for CA certification according to flow rate, and ozone emissions from the CA air cleaners were significantly lower than the requirement limit, 50 ppb for 24 hour operation. The average particle collection efficiency and odor removal efficiency were 89.3 and 80.8%, approximately 20% higher than the requirement of CA certification, regardless of flow rates. The particle removal performance of an air cleaner was clearly discriminated by its CADR, and the CADR was obtained with a simple calculation: 0.79 x flow rate. The low differentiation of gas removal performance of air cleaners by the current CA gas test method was improved by 3.2, 751.3, 13.4 times for ammonia, acetic acid, respectively, by adopting the CADR concept and the real time measurement method, FTIR, for gas removal performance test.