• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.288-294
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• 2014

Host mussel utilization for spawning of the oily shinner, Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae (Pisces: Cyprinidae), from Korea was investigated in part of the Dalcheon (river) in Cheongcheon-myeon, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea from April to June 2011, 2013. The non-synchronicity of mature and immature eggs obtained from females of S. v. wakiyae and the number of spawned eggs found was less than those in the mussels, suggesting that these fish may be batch spawners. Five species of freshwater mussels - Unio douglasiae sinuolatus, Lanceolaria grayana, Anodonata arcaeformis flavotincta, Lamprotula leai, Corbicula fluminea - were found at the survey area (wild conditions) but three species of freshwater mussels - A. a. flavotincta (oviposition rate, 50.0%), U. d. sinuolatus (16.2%), L. leai (11.1%) - were host of S. v. wakiyae. Spawning of S. v. wakiyae occurred mainly in the mantle cavity (wild conditions, 77.4%; experiment, 62.8%) of the mussels that were connected more to the inhalant siphon than the suprabranchial cavity (22.6%; 31.8%) that linked to the exhalant siphon. Bitterlings prefer to lay eggs in L. leai and S. v. wakiyae prefers A. a. flavotincta as a spawning host. These were considered to be the result of niche partitioning.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the life cycle of Tipula latemarginata Alexander in Korea. The field surveys for the life cycle of the species were carried out at the two sites of Neaseong Stream area in Bongwha County from January 2001 to December 2002. Also many individuals of the species were reared in laboratory to investigate the life cycle. T latemarginata appeared to have three generations a year under the rearing conditions at room temperature. All the processes of life cycle of the species, when reared at room temperature from September 2001 to March 2002, were as follows: Eggs usually hatched between 4 and 10 days after oviposition. First instar larvae grew rapidly and molted to the second instar in 7-9 days. Second instar larvae spent 5-7 days for next molting and third instar period lasted approximately 8-12 days. Fourth instar larvae spent 6 weeks to 5 months for pupation. Especially the duration of fourth instar larval existence was greatly lengthened and served as the overwintering stage. The duration of pupal stage was 6-10 days. In the field, T. latemarginata also appeared to have three generations a year at the favorable habitats.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 1996

The adult of the aphidophagous ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis, was reared by feeding an artificial diet (chicken's 1iver:sugar = 5:2, v/w). The adult ladybeetle used was from pupae collected in the field in midJuly. Yolk protein production, fecundity and longevity of the adult female were checked under 3OoC, 16L:8D. Yolk proteins (Vg3 and Vg4) were detected from the hemolymph of the female 5 days after the emergence. One hundred pairs of female and male were reared separately. First oviposition started from 7 days afier the emergence and laid an average of 163.9k144.0 eggs during lifetime. Seventeen females did not lay eggs at all. Longevity of the female was 60.6k16.9 days. The application of a JH analog, methoprene (2.5 pg), caused the occurrence of yolk proteins in the hemolymph 1 day earlier than that of the control. Weekly application of 2.5 pg of methoprene induced 83.3% from the 30 females to lay eggs within 15 days after the emergence, while the control had 51% only. Methoprene made all females lay eggs, causing the increase in the fecundity. Though the longevity of the female was not effected by the weekly application of methoprene, one time excess dose (12.5 pg) caused high in mortality and low in fecundity.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.3 s.64
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• pp.141-149
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• 1985

Embryonic developmental rates of the Oriental tobacco budworm, Heliothis assulta Guenee, were compared at various constant temperatures and 16 hours of light, and detailed embryogenesis was also studied at $25^{\circ}C$. The egg was nearly globular in form and had an average equatorial diameter of 0.53mm. A single micropyle was in the center of the circular area at the anterior pole of the egg. Durations of embryogenesis at 20, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$ were 147, 81, 61, and 67hrs, respectively. Embryonic death was especially higher at $35^{\circ}C$ than any other temperatures investigated. Embryogenesis progressed with changes in color and pattern, which are quite characteristic at each developmental stage of the embryo. At $25^{\circ}C$, organogenesis began in 14hrs after oviposition, formation of gut completed in 44hrs and eclosion occurred in 80hrs. The embryo formed along the long axis at early developmental stage, moved towards the equatorial plane in 24hrs, and made a half-turn on the plane in 36hrs. In 40hrs, head was oriented to the anterior pole of the egg until eclosion.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2010

Daily predation of female/male O. sauteri during nymphal development were 4.2/3.9, 11.4/9.5, 14.3/10.8, and 14.7/12.5 at 17,22,27, and $32^{\circ}C$, respectively, and consumed 14.3/10.8 thrips, 7.5/7.2 aphids, 45.9/38.8 mites at $27^{\circ}C$, respectively. Adult females ate 42.8 thrips daily during preoviposition period and 63.2 thrips during oviposition period at $27^{\circ}C$. Predation by O. sauteri on F. occidentalis increased as the density of F. occidentalis increased. However, the rate of increase gradually lessened, resembling a Holling's type II functional response. The attack rate of adult female is higher than that of the 5th nymph. Adult female and 5th nymph of O. sauteri appeared to prefer 2nd larva of F. occidentalis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.3 s.140
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• pp.219-223
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• 2005

Torymus geranii was found to be a ectoparasitoid attacking the larvae of Dryocosmus kuriphilus. T. geranii has longevity of a $42.8{\pm}9.8$ days at $20^{\circ}C$ and $26.5{\pm}11.0$ day at $25^{\circ}C$ under conditions supplied with 100% honeydew. Oviposition numbers at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were $22.3{\pm}12.5$ and $42.2{\pm}18.4$, respectively. The eggs were oval in shape, measuring $0.56{\pm}0.33$ mm in length. The larvae, $2.94{\pm}0.18mm$ in length, was white and length of male and female pupae were $2.01{\pm}0.18mm$ and $2.73{\pm}0.09mm$, respectively. T. geranii had two generations with overwintering generation emerged on late May to early June at Chunchon, central part of Korea, however showed three generations with overwintering generation emerged on middle May to early June, the first one on late June to early July, and the second one on late July to earlyl August.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2011

To establish an indoor-rearing system for the Large Copper butterfly, $Lycaena$ $dispar$ and the Small Copper butterfly, $Lycaena$ $phlaeas$, the effect of temperature, photoperiod and host plants on larval development was investigated. The larvae of $Lycaena$ $dispar$ fed on $Rumex$ $crispus$, whereas the larvae of $Lycaena$ $phlaeas$ ate both $Rumex$ $crispus$ and $Rumex$ $acetosa$. The duration of the larval period of $Lycaena$ $dispar$ was 13.8 days on $R.$ $crispus$ and that, of $Lycaena$ $phlaeas$ was 15.9 days and 15.2 days on $R.$ $acetosa$ and $R.$ $crispus$ respectively. Laboratory experiments show that the Large Copper larvae are able to feed on other $Rumex$ species without harming their overall survival and can utilize these alternative host plants at least as efficiently as their natural host plant. This result suggests that plant chemistry is not responsible for their lack of utilization of the alternative host plants in the wild. Host plant choice by ovipositing females was measured with the two alternative hosts. $Lycaena$ $dispar$ preferred $R.$ $crispus$ to $R.$ $acetosa$, wheareas $Lycaena$ $phlaeas$ preferred $R.$ $acetosa$ to $R.$ $crispus$. Temperature has been proposed as an important determinant of developmental rate, lifespan and mortality in invertebrates. As temperature increased, length of the developmental period gradually decreased. The developmental period of the Large Copper larvae was 11.0 days and 28.5 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and $17.5^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2014

Bumblebees are important pollinators of crops and wildflowers. Bumblebees generally produce one generation per year. One of the key stages for year-round rearing of bumblebees is breaking diapause. To evaluate the effects of a combination method of $CO_2$-narcosis and cold treatment to break the diapause of B. ignitus and B. terrestris queens, we determined whether this method affected their ability to establish a colony after the diapause break. The diapause treatment regimes that were utilized were $CO_2$ ($CO_2$-narcosis), CT-1M (cold treatment at $5^{\circ}C$ for 1 mo), CT-1M-$CO_2$ ($CO_2$-narcosis after cold treatment for 1 mo), CT-2M-$CO_2$ ($CO_2$-narcosis after cold treatment for 2 mo), CT-2M (cold treatment for 2 mo), CT-2.5M-$CO_2$ ($CO_2$-narcosis after cold treatment for 2.5 mo) and CT-2.5M (cold treatment at $5^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 mo). In view of the effects on the colony developmental characteristics of B. ignitus queens, the most favorable diapause treatment was CT-1M-$CO_2$. A combination method of $CO_2$-narcosis and cold temperature treatment yielded better results than that of single $CO_2$-narcosis or cold temperature treatment on the colony development of diapause-broken B. ignitus queens. In the case of B. terrestris queens, we concluded that a combination method of $CO_2$ and cold temperature treatment yielded better results than that of a single cold-temperature (up to 2 mo) treatment. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that the combined application of $CO_2$ and cold temperature was a favorable method for the colony development of diapause-broken B. ignitus and B. terrestris queens compared with only $CO_2$-narcosis or cold temperature treatments. A combination method of $CO_2$ and cold treatment reduced the side effect of $CO_2$-narcosis and shortened the duration of cold treatment by at least 1 mo.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2012

Two different feed(bran and swine feed) effect was tested on development of Tenebrio molitor at $25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $65{\pm}10%RH$. There was no significant feed effect on larval developmental periods(80.0 ~ 83.7 days), pupal length (18.1 ~ 18.7 mm) and fecundity(44.3 ~ 55.3 eggs) during first two days. However, fecundity was significantly affected by the pupal weight(P < 0.05), such that the number of eggs 172.3, 191.2, 215.0 gradually increased as pupal weight rose from 0.12 g, 0.15 g to 0.18 g, respectively. During the first two weeks of oviposition was 51.8%, which gradually decreased for further days. Longevity was $27.1{\pm}6.9$, $30.1{\pm}7.8$, $27.4{\pm}8.5$ days with increasing pupal weight of 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 g, respectively. Larval densities of 100, 300, 500 and 700 individuals reared in the container ($16{\times}21.5{\times}7cm$) resulted 67.9% of the T. molitor pupation during first three weeks. Pupal weight was decreased $146.9{\pm}6.5$, $142.1{\pm}8.3$, $122.0{\pm}9.6$, $118.5{\pm}5.2mg$ when it was reared at different larval densities of 100, 300, 500 and 700 individuals, respectively in size of($16{\times}21.5{\times}7cm$) rearing container.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2018

This study investigated the developmental and ovipositional characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis individuals that were fed with fermented mulberry sawdust. The developmental periods of larvae were 164.0, 73.3, and 64.8 days at 25, 28, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum larval weight was 2.94 g at $25^{\circ}C$, and the weight of larvae decreased as temperature increased. The average weight of female adults were 0.94, 0.51, and 0.54 g at 25, 28, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The weight of male adults was higher than that of females. The addition of 10% or 30% wheat bran to the fermented mulberry sawdust increased larval weight. It was possible to sell larvae from 75 days after mass rearing, when the cumulative rate of larvae that were heavier than 2.5 g was approximately 75%. The average number of eggs per female was 83.2 at $25^{\circ}C$, and this was the highest in the 5th week. Most of the eggs (73%) were oviposited between 3 and 8 weeks after adults emergence.