• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.75-89
• /
• 2015

This study examines 31 import and export cargo items handled in each port to investigate which items face the most competition among the ports and how many of them are transited to other ports. The study aims to suggest implications for the future port policy of Incheon Port. It was found that the volume concentration in the Western Coast region from 2005 to 2014 became increasingly decentralized. The decentralization began in earnest in 2009 in particular, and the value was 0.448 in 2014, indicating fierce competition among the regions. According to the static and dynamic positioning analyses results for Incheon Port, Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port, and Gunsan Port, using BCG Matrix, the static positioning analysis showed that Incheon Port belongs to the 3rd quadrant (Cash Cows), Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port belongs to the 2nd quadrant (Question Marks), and Gunsan Port belongs to the (Dogs) group. This implies that Incheon Port has maintained its position with large shares compared to those of other ports, despite its low growth rate. However, the market position and growth rate of Incheon Port decreased according to the dynamic positioning analysis results. The shift-share analysis results indicated that the volumes of Incheon Port and Gunsan Port were shifting to Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port. Moreover, the ratio of absolute growth to potential growth of Incheon Port and Gunsan Port turned out to be significantly lower than that of Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port, implying that Incheon Port and Gunsan Port are declining as compared to Pyeongtaek Port and Dangjin Port. According to the LQ index analysis results, specialized items from Incheon Port that do not overlap with other ports included the following ten items: meat, fish and crustaceans, bituminous coals, crude oil and petroleum, petroleum-refined products, plastic rubber and products, textiles, nonferrous metal and products, electric machinery, and aircrafts and ships. In particular, it was confirmed that the bulk cargo of Incheon Port was actually shifting to Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port following the policy of re-establishing port functions.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.1147-1153
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of feeding trans fat on serum and tissue lipid profiles and fatty acid composition in mice. Forty-five male mice aged at 4 weeks were fed on the 10% palm oil (n-3 deficient group), 20% dried mackerel (n-3 adequate group) and 5% trans fat (trans group) for three months. Total triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were increased in serum, liver and heart of the n-3 deficient and trans groups compared with the n-3 adequate group, while liver HDL-cholesterol levels were lowest in the trans group (p<0.05). In liver and heart, trans group showed higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared with the n-3 deficient group (p<0.05). In fatty acid compositions of serum, heart, liver and kidney, the intake of trans fat led to increased percentages of 18:1n-9trans and 18:2n-6trans. The trans group showed similar patterns to the n-3 deficient group, except an increased percentage of 18:2n-6cis. Generally, the n-3 deficient and trans groups showed increased percentages of n-6 fatty acids and decreased percentages of n-3 fatty acids, specially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) compared to the n-3 adequate group (p<0.05). These results indicate that intake of trans fat increased total triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, which may affect risk for cardiovascular mortality.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2008

There has been growing demands to manage the water quality of west coastal region due to the large scale urbanization along the coastal zone, the possibility of application of TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loadings) to Han river, and the natural disaster such as oil spill incident in Taean, Chungnam. However, no system has been developed for such purposes. In this background, the demand of GIS based effective water quality management has been increased to monitor water quality environment and propose best management alternatives for Han river and Kyeonggi bay. This study mainly focused on the development of integrated water quality management system for Han river bas in and its estuary are a connected to Kyeonggi bay to support integrated water quality management and its plan. Integration was made based on GIS by spatial linking between water quality attributes and location information. A GIS DB was built to estimate the amount of generated and discharged water pollutants according to TMDL technical guide and it included input data to use two different water quality models--W ASP7 for Han river and EFDC for coastal area--to forecast water quality and to suggest BMP(Best management Practices). The results of BOD, TN, and TP from WASP7 were used as the input to run EFDC. Based on the study results, some critical areas which have relatively higher pollutant loadings were identified, and it was also identified that the locations discharging water pollutant loadings to river and seasonal factor affected water quality. And the relationship of water quality between river and its estuary area was quantitatively verified. The results showed that GIS based integrated system could be used as a tool for estimating status-quo of water quality and proposing economically effective BMPs to mitigate water pollution. Further studies need to be made for improving system's capabilities such as adding decision making function as well as cost-benefit analysis, etc. Also, the concrete methodology for water quality management using the system need to be developed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.88-94
• /
• 1999

Objectives. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of DMF toxicity, recent studies have focused on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. In this study, we investigated the effects of DMF on the induction of P450 and the activities of other related enzymes in rat liver microsomes. Methods. DMF was administered to male Sprague Daweley rats by intraperitoneal injection at 0(control), 450(D1), 900(D2), 1,800(D3) mg DMF/kg body weight in olive oil once a day for three days. Hepatic P450 was measured by method of Omura and Sato. We evaluated selective assays for the three drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 1A1, 2B1 and 2E1. Results. The content of microsomal protein, P450 and b5 were tended to be decreased in DMF treated group, but they were not statistically significant. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase was significantly increased dose dependently(p<0.01), but the activity of NADH-b5 reductase was decreased in the treated group(p<0.01). The activities of PROD and EROD were not significant between control and treated group. The activities of pNPH in the DMF treated groups were higher than that of the control group(p<0.01). When Western immunoblottings were carried out utilizing three monoclonal antibodies which were specific against P4501A1/1, P4502B1/2 and P4502E1, the strong density band corresponding to P4502E1 was observed with the microsomes obtained from the rats treated with DMF. But there were no significant increased in the P4501A1/2 and P4502B1/2 band densities in immunoblotting. Conclusions. These result suggested that P4502E1 was inducible by DMF and P4502E1 isozyme might be responsible for the hydroxylation of DMF to HMMF.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.16 no.2 s.27
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 1980

Lipid peroxidation in vitro has been identified as a basic deteriorative reaction in cellular mechanism of aging processes, such as air pollution oxidant damage to cell and to the lung, chlorinated hydrocarbon hepatotoxicity. Many experimental evidences were reported by several investigators that lipid peroxidation could be one of the principle causes for the hepatotoxicity produced by $CCl_4$. It is now reasonably established that $CCl_4$ is activated to a free radical in vivo, that lipid peroxidation occurs very quickly in microsomes prepared from damaged livers, that the peroxidation is associated with loss of enzyme activity of microsomes, and that various antioxidants can protect animals against the hepatotoxic effect of $CCl_4$. Recent studies have drawn attention to some other feature of microsomal lipid peroxidation. Incubation of liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH has led to a loss of cytochrome $P_{450}$. However, the presence of an antioxidant prevented lipid peroxidation and preserved cytochrome $P_{450}$. Decrease of cytochrome $P_{450}$ in microsomes under in vitro incubation can be enhanced by $CCl_4 and these changes were parallel to a loss of microsomal polyunsaturated fatty acid and formation of malonaldehyde. The primary purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of riboflavin tetrabutylate on lipid peroxidation, specially, the relationship between lipid peroxidation and drug metabolizing enzyme system which is located in smooth endoplasmic recticulum as well as the effect of ritoflavin tetrabutylate on drug metabolizing enzyme system of animal treated with $CCl_4$. Albino rats were used for experimental animal. In order to induce drug metabolizing enzyme system, phenobarbital was injected intraperitoneally. $CCl_$ and riboflavin tetrabutylate were given intraperitoneally as solution in olive oil. Microsomal fraction was isolated from liver of animals and TBA value as well as the activity of drug metabolizing enzyme were measured in the microsomal fractions. The results are summerized as following. 1) The secobarbital induced sleeping time of $CCl_4$ treated rat was about 2 times longer than that of the control group. However, the pretreatment with riboflavin tetrabutylate inhibited completely the lengthened sleeping time due to $CCl_4$ treatment. Furthermore TBA value was significantly increased in $CCl_4$ treated rat in comparison to control group tut the increase of TBA value was prevented by the pretreatment with riboflavin tetrabutylate. On the other hand, the activity of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme was decreased in $CCl_4$ group, however, the pretreatment with riboflavin tetrabutylate also prevented the decrease of the enzyme activity caused by $CCl_4$. 2) The effect of riboflavin tetrabutylate on TBA value and the activity of drug metabolizing enzyme in vitro was similar to in vivo results. Incubation of liver microsome from rat in the presence of $CCl_4$, $Fe^{++}$, or ascorbic acid has led to the marked increase of TBA value, however, the addition of riboflavin tetrabutylate in incubation mixture prevented significantly the increase of TBA value, suggesting the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In accordance with TBA value, the activity of drug metabolizing enzyme was inhibited in the presence of $CCl_4$, $Fe^{++}$, ascorbic acid but the addition of riboflavin tetrabutylate protected the loss of the enzyme activity in microsome under in vitro incubation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 1969

1. In order to obtain useful mutants such as early maturity, resistance to lodging, high protein and oil content, and capability of high yield, dormant seeds of two soybean varieties, Jang Dan Baik Mok and Clark, were treated with ${\gamma}$-ray, Ethyl Methane Sulfonate(EMS), Ethylene Imine(EI)and combinations of ${\gamma}$-ray and EMS or EI. 2. The germination rate and survival rate in a variety Jang Dan Baik Mok were significantly decreased with ${\gamma}$-ray treatment while it was not the same in the Clark variety. A significant decrease for seedling height measured at 14 and 21 days after sowing was found with the increase of ${\gamma}$-ray dose in both varieties. 3. Germination rates in both varieties were significantly decreased as EI concentration increases, particularly severe damage in germination was observed at 0.008 Mo. concentration. Germination rate damages were found with EMS concentration increases in the variety Jang Dan Baik Mok while no regular responses in seedling height were observed in the variety Clark. 4. Germination rate was significantly lowered with the combined treatment of EMS and ${\gamma}$-ray 24KR than that of EMS alone. In the treatments of ${\gamma}$-ray with three levels of EI concentration, the combined treatments except 24KR+EI 0.002 Mol. resulted in better germination than of EI alone. In both varieties, significant reduction in seedling height was observed in the combined treatments of ${\gamma}$-ray with various concentrations of EMS, whereas stimulation effect on seedling height was found with treatment of ${\gamma}$-ray EI +0.08Mol. 5. Germination rate, survival rate, and plant height as criteria of radio sensitivity, variety Jang Dan Baik Mok is moze sensitive to ${\gamma}$-ray, EMS, and EI than the variety Clark, and the varietal difference in responsibility to mutagen may be due to the genetic-constitution of the varieties.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.118-128
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to determination of the endocrine distruptor function of 'Parabens' by dosing ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben to the immature SD rats. 18 groups were given vehicle control group, negative control group (Dibutyl phthalate), postive control group ($1'7-{\alpha}$ Ethynylestrdiol) and each paraben groups involved 3 dose level. Rats were injected with 62.5, 250 and 1,000mg/kg from postnatal day 19 till 21 once a day in subcutaneous and a total 3, times. There was no treatment related death. but, subcutaneous nodule, edema, alopecia and scrub formation on injection site was observed. These signs was become worse in high dose level. these signs was cause from physical stimulation by test substance which parabens were mix with com oil as vehicle. In the analysis of organ weights, absolute and relative weights of brain, spleen, liver, thymus, heart, kidneys, adrenals, ovaries and vagina were no difference with control group. but, wet and blotted weight of uterus was increased in every high dose parabens treat group. Especially, all dose level of isobutyl paraben was showed increment of uterus weight. uterus dilatation of parabens treated group was observed in gross anatomic pathology and these result was agree with wet and blotted weight of uterus. In the result of this study, estrogenic effect as endocrine distruptor was observed in ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben. and it was considered isobutyl paraben has highest estrogrnic effect under the condition of this study.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.665-676
• /
• 2003

To investigate the chemical characteristics of PM$\_$2.5/ in Seoul, Korea, atmospheric particulate matters were collected using a PM$\_$10/ dichotomous sampler including PM$\_$10/ and PM$\_$2.5/ inlet during the period of October 2000 to September 2001. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectromety (ICP-MS), ion Chromatography (IC) methods were used to determine the concentration of both metal and ionic species. A statistical analysis was performed for the heavy metals data set using a principal component analysis (PCA) to derived important factors inherent in the interactions among the variables. The mean concentrations of ambient PM$\_$2.5/ and PM/sub10/ were 24.47 and 45.27 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. PM$\_$2.5/ masses also showed temporal variations both yearly and seasonally. The ratios of PM$\_$2.5/PM$\_$10/ was 0.54, which similar to the value of 0.60 in North America. Soil-related chemical components (such as Al, Ca, Fe, Si, and Mn) were abundant in PM$\_$10/, while anthropogenic components (such as As, Cd, Cr, V, Zn and Pb) were abundant in PM2s. Total water soluble ions constituted 30∼50 % of PM$\_$2.5/ mass, and sulfate, nitrate and ammonium were main components in water soluble ions. Reactive farms of NH$_4$$\^$+/were considered as NH$_4$NO$_3$ and (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ during the sampling periods. In the results of PCA for PM$\_$2.5/, we identified three principal components. Major contribution to PM$\_$2.5/ seemed to be soil, oil combustion, unidentified source. Further study, the detailed interpretation of these data will need efforts in order to identify emission sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.782-787
• /
• 2002

This study was done to investigate the effects of Korean mistletoe water extract and lectin on the apoptosis and preneoplastic lesion in chemically induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. To attain the above objectives, weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed modified AIN-76 diets containing 10% corn oil for 9 weeks. One week after feeding starts, rats were intraperitoneally injected twice with a dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). Rats were provided with 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) in drinking water from one week after DEN treatment until the end of experiment. During the period of PB treatment, rats were injected with mistletoe extract (100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BW) and lectin (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BW) twice a week. At the end of 9th week, rats were sacrificed and the formation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P$^{+}$) foci, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis related proteins were determined respectively. The formation of GST-P$^{+}$foci was significantly decreased by mistletoe extract or lectin treatment. Although there was no effect on apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in hepatic tissue by mistletoe extract or lectin treatment, caspase-9 and fas-L were increased. These results suggest that Korean mistletoe extract and lectin have a potential to inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis by increasing apoptosis.sis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.9
• /
• pp.1501-1514
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health condition and nutritional status in female university students in Masan. The 285 subjects aged 20.1 years (18~26 years) were assessed with a set of questionnaire composed of general information, food, smoking, drinking and exercise habits, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking habits were 1.8% and 82.5%, respectively. All the subjects had the experience of passive smoking. The 11% of the students exercised regularly and 11.6% ate meal regularly. The average height and weight of subjects were 161.0 ㎝ and 53.9 ㎏, respectively and the BMI was calculated as 20.8${\pm}$2.6 ㎏/$m^2$:The 13.3% of subjects were underweight, while 6.7% of them were overweight. The mean value for body fat was 26.4% and subscapular and tricep skinfolds thickness were 14.2 ㎜ and 16.9 ㎜, and waist-hip ratio was 0.72. The systolic/diastolic blood pressure of the subjects was 115.9 ㎜Hg/70.9 ㎜Hg. Except protein, phosphorous, vitamin E, B_6 and C, the average intakes of energy and nutrients were below the Korea recom-mended dietary allowance (RDA). Especially, intakes of calcium, iron and zinc were the lowest, as <70% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates : protein : fat was 58.0 : 15.8 : 26.2. The 10 frequently consumed food were ssalbap (47.2/mon), kimchi (35.6/mon), onion (16.8/mon), japgokbap (15.1/mon), sesame oil (14.1/mon), carbonated drink (13.3/mon), grapes (12.7/mon), ice cream (12.4/mon), milk (11.9/mon) and water-melon (10.6/mon). Results of this study could be useful for planning nutrition education programs for female university students in this area to improve their dietary habit and health status.