• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of water temperature and photoperiod on oxygen consumption (OC) in the giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus. OC rate in the giant grouper at 17, 22, 27 and $32^{\circ}C$ were $61.7{\pm}0.4$, $72.2{\pm}0.6$, $102.9{\pm}0.8$ and $141.7{\pm}1.0mg\;O_2/kg/h$, respectively, indicating a linear increase in OC with water temperature. Photoperiod was regulated in accordance with the light (06:00~18:00 h, L) and dark (18:00~06:00 h, D) phases of the diel cycle (12L/12D), with a water temperature of at 17, 22, 27 and $32^{\circ}C$. OC rates during the light and dark phases were $62.7{\pm}0.4$, $62.5{\pm}0.3mg\;O_2/kg/h$, respectively, at $17^{\circ}C$. No significant differences were observed between the light and dark phases (P>0.05). OC raters during the light and dark phases were $74.8{\pm}0.7$, $69.6{\pm}0.6mg\;O_2/kg/h$ at $22^{\circ}C$, $107{\pm}1.2$, $98.0{\pm}0.7mg\;O_2/kg/h$ at $27^{\circ}C$ and $147.6{\pm}1.1$, $135.8{\pm}0.8mg\;O_2/kg/h$ at $32^{\circ}C$, respectively, indicating that OC is higher during daylight than nighttime. Giant grouper is thought to be a diurnal fish species, because the level of oxygen consumption during light period was higher than that during dark period.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.315-323
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• 1998

$TiO_2$films of rutile and anatase phase have been prepared on silica glass substrates by the sol-gel method using $Ti(i-OC_3H_7)_4$. The effect of additives on the polymorph of $TiO_2$film has been examined in view of degree of crystallization. Third-order nonlinear optical properties of the both film have been investigated by the third harmonic generation method. The measured 3rd order nonlinear optical susceptibility of rutile and anatase thin films were about $1.4{\times}10^{-12}$ and $9.7{\times}10^{-13}$ esu, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.399-405
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• 1991

Mullite-PSZ powders were synthesized by the sol-gel process using Al(sec-OC4H9)3, Si(OC2H5)4, ZrOCl2$.$8H2O and YCl3 solution and the characteristics of synthesized powders were studied. The sinterability and mechanical properties of powder compacts sintered at 1670$^{\circ}C$ for 4hr were also studied for various PSZ contents. ${\gamma}$-Al2O3(Al-Si spinel) formed at 980$^{\circ}C$ from amorphous dried gel, and mullite as well as ZrO2 formed above 1200$^{\circ}C$. At the room temperature, ZrO2 was a mixture of tetragonal and monoclinic phases. The specimens were densified to 97∼98% except the specimen containing 25 vol% PSZ which showed the relative density of 94%. The K1c value increased with the PSZ content and showed a maximum value of 4.1 MN/m3/2 at 25 vol% PSZ; this value was about 50% higher than that of the mullite without PSZ. Flexural strength had a maximum value of 280 Mn/㎡ at 20 vol% PSZ. In contrast, at 25 vol%, the flexural strength was even lower than that of the mullite possibly due to higher porosity of 6%.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.3745-3748
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• 2010

Pd(II) p-tolylamide Pd(2,6-$(Ph_2PCH_2)_2C_6H_3$)(NH($C_6H_4Me$-p)) (1) was metathetically prepared by the reaction of Pd(2,6-$(Ph_2PCH_2)_2C_6H_3$)Cl with NaNH($C_6H_4Me$-p). Treatment of 1 with carbon dioxide affords the palladium(II) carbamate Pd(2,6-$(Ph_2PCH_2)_2C_6H_3$)(OC(O)NH($C_6H_4Me$-p)) (2), quantitatively. Complex 2 reacts with HX (X = Cl, OTf) to give Pd(2,6-$(Ph_2PCH_2)_2C_6H_3$)X, $NH_2$(p-Tol) and $CO_2$. Reaction of the palladium(II) carbamate with MeI produced Pd(2,6-$(Ph_2PCH_2)_2C_6H_3$)I along with generation of methyl N-tolylcarbamate MeOC(O)NH($C_6H_4Me$-p), exclusively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.487-501
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• 2002

The concentrations of gaseous (NO$_{x}$, SO$_2$, and $O_3$) and particulate (Elemental Carbon, EC and Organic Carbon, OC) pollutants were measured to evaluate the air quality of Kosan. Samples were taken at Kosan during ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) IOP (Intensive Observation Period) (2001. 3. 21~2001. 5. 5). The mean concentrations of $O_3$(46.3$\pm$10.4 ppb) is higher than those at urban area such as Seoul and Busan in Korea. On the other hand, the mean concentrations of other gaseous species, NO$_{x}$(4.73$\pm$3.42 ppb) and SO$_2$(0.62$\pm$0.63 ppb) are lower than those at great cities. So we concluded that there are a few primary sources emitting atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of EC is higher and the concentration of OC is similar with or higher than those at other background sites. The recent EC concentration is higher than those measured before at Kosan. We concluded that there are more primary sources than other background sites and the amount of primary source have increased recently in Jeju. Backward trajectory and co..elation analysis were used to study where the air masses originated and distinguish the source of pollutants. While NO$_{x}$ and $O_3$ were mainly emitted and formed from Jeju inland area, concentrations of SO$_2$, OC and EC were affected by Asian Dust from China. Using the mean relative standard deviation of ozone, cleanness coefficient was obtained. The cleanness coefficient value, is 1.6 times larger than the value in 1992. Recently, the air quality of Kosan has been contaminated because of the Asian Dust events since spring and the rapid industrialization development.pment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1557-1565
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• 2012

The professional workers with a sophisticated knowledge, skill and ability are core human resources to sustain firm's competitiveness. It is very crucial to provide professional workers with an appropriate education and training to get them have organizational commitment. Thus, this study examines the relationship between appropriateness of education/training for IT professionals and organizational commitment, and explores the moderating effects that top talent management and trust have on the association between appropriateness of education/training (AET) and organizational commitment (OC). The 379 responses from firm panel survey of human capitals, which was conducted by KRIVET on 2009, were used to assess construct validity and research hypotheses. The findings show that appropriateness of education/training has a positive impact on organizational commitment. It is also found that respecting top talent has a moderating effect on the AET-OC relationship whereas trust doesn't moderate the AET-OC relationship.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2013

Two types of organic thin film solar cell devices with bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) structure were fabricated on plastic substrates using conjugated polymers of $PCDTBT:PC_{71}BM$ and $PTB7:PC_{71}BM$ blended as active channel layer. Time-variant characteristics of the organic thin film solar cell devices were investigated: short circuit current density ($J_{SC}$); open circuit voltage ($V_{OC}$); ; fill factor (FF); power conversion efficiency (PCE, ŋ). All the performance parameters were degraded by progress of the measurement time, while $V_{OC}$ showed the most drastic decrease with time. Possible factors to cause the time-variant alteration of performance parameters were discussed to be clarified.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5315-5320
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• 2016

Purpose: Tumor cell growth and sensitivity to chemotherapy depend on many factors, among which insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) may play important roles. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in primary tumors and ascites as predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in ovarian cancer (OC) patients. Materials and Methods: Tumor tissue samples and ascitic fluid were obtained from 59 patients with advanced OC. The levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A were determined using ELISA kits. Taking into account the data on expression of these IGF-related proteins and outcome, logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of response to neoajuvant chemotherapy. Results: Human ovarian tumors expressed IGFs, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A and these proteins were also present in ascites fluid and associated with its volume. IGFs and IGFBPs in ascites and soluble PAPP-A might play a key role in ovarian cancer progression. However, levels of proteins of the IGF system in tumors were not significant predictors of objective clinical response (oCR). Univariate analysis showed that the level of IGF-I in ascites was the only independent predictor for oCR. Conclusion: The level of IGF-I in ascites was shown to be an independent predictor of objective clinical response to chemotherapy for OC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and debulking surgery.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2015

In order to survey the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of particulate matter of $2.5{\mu}m$ or less ($PM_{2.5}$), $PM_{2.5}$ was sampled from 8 February 2013 to 31 March 2014 in an industrial area of Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Chemical measurements of the sample included: ionic components ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$), carbonaceous components - organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Also, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was measured based using the EC tracer method, and char-EC and soot-EC were calculated from the analytical results. The data obtained were interpreted in terms of temporal variation. Of the overall mean value of $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration obtained during the study period, ionic components, OC and EC accounted for 45.3%, 19.7%, and 8.0%, respectively. $NO_3{^-}$ showed a unique seasonal distribution pattern due to a dependence on temperature and absolute humidity. It was estimated that an approximate temperature of $14^{\circ}C$, and absolute humidity of $7g/m^3$ were critical for the reversible reaction of $NH_4NO_3(p){\leftrightharpoons}NH_3(g)+HNO_3(g)$. The amount of OC and EC contributing to the monthly $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration was higher in autumn and winter compared to spring and summer. This result could be attributed to the impact of burning biomass, since WSOC and the ratio of char-EC/soot-EC showed a similar pattern during the corresponding period. From the comparison of monthly WSOC/OC values, a maximum ratio of 83% was obtained in August (summer). The WSOC and estimated SOC levels derived from the EC tracer method correlated (R=0.77) in summer. The high occurrence of WSOC during summer was mainly due to the formation of SOC by photochemical reactions. Through long-term observation of $PM_{2.5}$ chemical components, we established that the degree to which the above-mentioned factors influence $PM_{2.5}$ composition, fluctuates with seasonal changes.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

The age of the Sorori old fluvial deposits is assumed as old as Last Interglacial(MIS 5) when appying the thalassostatic terrace formation in mid- to downstream Keum river basin, while the young fluvial deposits are interpreted to be formed since the post-LGM(last glacial maximum), including both the Bølling-Allerød (B/A) Interstadial(12,700~14,700 cal-yrBP), and the Younger Dryas Stadial(11,700~12,900 cal-yrBP). The wild rice seed like Oryza rufipogon found in the middle organic muds of the young fluvial deposits dated after about 15,000 cal-yrsBP, when the transition from the subalpine conifer forest to the deciduous broad-leaved forest was conspicuously evidenced in the upper part of OC-2 palynofloral zone of the in Cheonju Sorori site, In particular the OC-2 palynofloral zone ranging towards the upper part of middle organic muds(peaty muds) is interpreted to be formed in the B/A Interstadial. It is regarded that Cheongju Sorori rice seeds are associated with warm palynological evidences and backswamp insects during the Lastest Glacial, showing appearance of relatively warm climate similar to the present.