• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.111-115
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• 1998

We investigated the stability of all-trans-retinol on the liquid crystalline O/W emulsion composed of mainly alkyl polyglycerine, alkyl polyglucose and glycerine, and compared the activity of all-trans-retinol in the various forms of liquid crystal. Under certain conditions, novel liquid crystalline gel was formed around oil droplets, and layers of this liquid crystalline gel were very wide and rigid. (SWLC; Super Wide Liquid Crystal) SWLC was very helpful to stabilize retinol in O/W emulsion. After storage at 45 C for 4 weeks, all-trans-retinol in O/W emulsion composed of SWLC retained above 85% of the activity upon HPLC analysis, whereas those within no liquid crystalline emulsion gave 47% and normal liquid crystalline emulsion composed of fatty alcohols gave 40 60%. Retinol in oil phase is nealy insoluble in pure water, but in cosmetic emulsion systems can be slightly solubilized into water because emulsifiers and polyols in emulsion systems function as solubilizers. In this case, water in outer phase acts as a media for oxygen transporation$.$and thus destabilizes retinol. As a result, retinol in O/W emulsion has a tendency to become unstable. SWLC surrounding oil droplet which contains retinol is wide and rigid, therefore reduces contact between inner phase and outer phase To make SWLC, properties of emulsifiers are very important phase transition temperature should be high, and the structure of surfactants should be bulky, and their ratio should be suitable to make rigid and wide liquid crystalline gel layer in order to reduce contact between retinol in inner phase and water in outer phase.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

Water-lipid soluble multivitamin formulations were widely used to reduce the disease and stress of animals as husbandry has made a remarkable progress in recent. But the efficiency of these formulations is far from satisfactory. So, this study was attempted to develop the physically and chemically stable and useful multivitamin o/w emulsion. Multivitamin o/w emulsion composed of water, soybean oil (10%, v/v), vitamin A, D, E, K, $B_2,\;B_6,\;B_{12}$ and panthenol. To make a stable o/w emulsion, the egg lecithin (2%, w/v) and glycerin (2.5%, w/v) were used for emulsifier and thickening agent, respectively. The oil in water emulsion system was manufactured by microfluidizer and the physicochemical stability of this emulsion was evaluated. The average particle size and interfacial tension were measured. From the result of interfacial tension tested, critical micelle concentration of the egg lecithin was 0.5% (w/v) and optimal concentration for the preparation of emulsion was 2% (w/v). The mean particle size was about $0.6\;{\mu}m$ which was suitable for injections. Short-term accelerated stability as physical stability study was tested by centrifuging and freeze-thawing the emulsion samples. The additions of vitamins resulted in the increment of particle size and reduction of physical stability of emulsion. But it is not an enormous problem for the stability of emulsion. Also, we have performed the long-period preservation stability test for the vitamins. All vitamins were analysed by HPLC. The result of storage under $4^{\circ}C$ and dark conditions demonstrated that all vitamins were maintained stable at least 16 weeks, except for vitamin $B_{12}$.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 양친매성물질인 $C_{12-20}$ 알킬글루코사이드, $C_{14-22}$ 알코올 및 베헤닐알코올로 구성된 액정 에멀젼을 제조하고 그 특성 및 in vitro 피부 투과 연구를 수행하였다. 액정 에멀젼의 배합비 실험 결과, $C_{12-20}$ 알킬글루코사이드 0.8%, $C_{14-22}$ 알코올 3.2% 및 베헤닐알코올 4%에서 선명한 액정 구조가 관찰되었다. 액정 에멀젼과 비교군으로 O/W 에멀젼의 물리적 특성을 비교한 결과, 액정 에멀젼과 O/W 에멀젼의 점성은 각각 $1871.26{\sim}1.15Pa{\cdot}s$ 및 $1768.69{\sim}1.14Pa{\cdot}s$이었으며, 전단응력은 액정 에멀젼은 190.45 ~ 919.38 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 178.68 ~ 909.18 Pa로 측정되었다. 저장 탄성률은 액정 에멀젼은 4487.82 ~ 8195.59 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 3428.53 ~ 9157.45 Pa, 탄성에 대한 점성의 비인 tan (delta) 값은, 액정 에멀젼은 0.23 ~ 0.25, O/W 에멀젼은 0.43 ~ 0.19로 나타났다. 경피 수분 함량 측정 결과, 액정 에멀젼은 O/W 에멀젼에 비하여 사용 후 1 h부터 6 h까지 유의적으로 더 높은 피부 수분 함량을 나타냈으며, 경피 수분 손실에서는 30 min부터 4 h까지 유의적으로 수분 손실 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 글리시리직애씨드를 이용한 피부 투과 실험 결과, 24 h 동안 피부 투과량은 액정 에멀젼($64.58{\mu}g/cm^2$), O/W 에멀젼($37.07{\mu}g/cm^2$), 부틸렌글라이콜 용액($41.05{\mu}g/cm^2$) 순으로 나타났고, 시간별 투과능 관찰 결과는 8 h 이후부터 액정 제형에서 피부 투과능이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 액정 에멀젼은 피부의 보습 효과를 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 기능성 소재의 효율적인 피부 전달체로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.173-176
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• 2007

${\gamma}-Oryzanol$ is one of the chain breaking antioxidants. Both sterol (triterpene) and phenolic hydroxyl groups in the structure of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ may be responsible for its antioxidative function. We hypothesize that ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ is more effective in preventing the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) than the synthetic phenolic compounds in an oil/water (O/W) emulsion system. The antioxidative effectiveness of different concentrations of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ and synthetic antioxidants was evaluated at different incubation times (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h) by measuring both the formation of hydroperoxides and the decomposition product of hydroperoxides (hexanal) in each emulsion system. Overall, the order of effectiveness of various antioxidants for inhibiting the formation of hydroperoxide in the O/W emulsion was: ${\gamma}-oryzanol$> tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)> butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)> butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). O/W emulsion with selective lower concentrations of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ showed better effectiveness than that with higher concentration of synthetic antioxidants. However, the ability of both ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ and synthetic antioxidants to decompose hydroperoxide was similar. ${\gamma}-Oryzanol$ was more effective antioxidant than the synthetic phenolic compounds in preventing the formation of hydroperoxide in the O/W emulsion system.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.123-128
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• 1998

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) has been used as a self tanning agent and many emulsion formulations containing DHA have been studied. In an emulsion, many factors which have negative effect on DHP and the resultant DHA decomposition can destabilize the emulsion base. In this study, two kinds of emulsion with 5％ DHA were prepared, O/W type emulsion and Multilamellavesicle (MLV) type emulsion to compare the stabilization effects of both emulsions on the DHA. The OHA concentration was analyzed quantitatively by high performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC), also the pH and viscosity of both emulsions were measured for stability. This process was carried out over 4 months. For HPLC, a bondaclone $C_{18}$ column with a mobile phase of distilled water and UV detector were used. The results of these experiment showed that DHA is more stable in an MLV emulsion than it is in an O/W type emulsion.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

The emulsion stability of W/O emulsion prepared by D phase emulsification during storage and handling is studied by using phase diagrams. The process of D phase emulsification begins with the formation of isotropic surfactant solution, followed by formation of oil-in-surfactant (O/D) gel emulsion by dispersion of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(OMCS) in the surfactant solution. Polyols were essential components for this purpose. To understand the function of polyols, the solution behavior of nonionic surfactant/oil/water/polyol systems were investigated by the ternary phase diagrams of polyoxyethylene oleyl ether/OMCS/propylene glycol(PG) aqueous solutions. The addition of PG increased the solubility of oil in the isotropic surfactant phase. D phase emulsification method has been applied to a new type of cosmetics. By using this emulsification technique, O/W emulsion were formed without a need for adjust of HLB. Fine and stable W/O emulsions were prepared by D phase emulsion.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.119-131
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• 2012

w/o 에멀젼은 내수성이 뛰어나고 보습 효과를 오랫동안 지속시킬 수 있으므로 화장품에 많이 사용하지만 안정도가 좋지 않기 때문에 안정한 w/o 에멀젼을 만들기 위해서는 전해질의 농도, 오일의 극성 정도, 수상의 비율, 유화제의 농도 등을 조절하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 안정도에 영향을 주는 여러 가지 요소 중에서 유화제의 구조에 따라 유화가능여부와 안정도가 어떻게 달라지는지에 초점을 맞추고, 유화제를 구조적으로 polyglyceryl ester 계열, silicone 계열, sugar 계열 유화제 등으로 나누어서 실험을 진행하였다. 또한 유상에 사용되는 오일의 실리콘 함량을 다르게 하여 유화제의 유화 능력을 검토하였다. 실험 결과를 참고하여 유화제에 따른 에멀젼의 입자, 점도의 경시 변화 등의 w/o 에멀젼의 특성을 찾아내고, 여러 조건에서 에멀젼의 안정도를 관찰하였다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.64-81
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• 1994

유화제로 polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate을 혼합 사용하고, 분산상으로 liquid paraffin, 연속상으로 deionized water를 원료로 사용하여 Direct유화법을 이용한 전상법과 Invert유화법을 3가지 단계의 제조방법으로 나누어서 O/W에멀젼을 제조하였고, 각 단계 전상유화법에서 첨가되는 물의 양에 따른 최종 O/W에멀젼의 입자크기변화를 관찰하였다. Direct유화법을 이용한 2단계 전상유화법을 사용하여 제조한 결과, 미세하고 균일한 입자를 갖는 O/W에멀젼은 W/O에서 (W/O)W 이중에멀젼으로의 전환 단계를 거쳐야만 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. Invert유화법을 사용한 3단계전상유화법은 W/O 에서 일종의 Pseudomicroemulsion gel상을 거쳐 미세하고 균일한 O/W유화 입자가 얻어졌다. 3단계 전상법이 2단계 전상법보다 더 미세하고 균일한 입자를 생성하였다. 실험에서 사용한 모든 유화법에서 혼합유화제의 HLB가 10.0 - 10.8 영역에서 가장 미세한 에멀젼입자가 형성되었다. 이 HLB영역에서 혼합유화제가 용해되어있는 오일상에 첨가되어 가용화되는 물의 양이 최대로 많았으며, 최대 가용화 물양을 갖는 유화제의 조성에서 가장 미세하고 균일한 입자가 얻어졌다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

The W/O emulsion was formed by mixing hydrophobic nonion surfactants of span 80 and tween 60 with kerosine, and by adding sodium silicate aqueous solution. Precipitating the W/O emulsion by sodium bicarbonate resulted in spherical silica particles. Shape and size distribution of silica particles were observed. The particles were spherical and they have narrow size distribution. Particle sizes were 9.29, 7.39 and $5.73\;{\mu}m$ at homogenizer speed of 2500, 3000, and 3500 rpm, respectively. The particle size was decreased by increasing agitation speed due to the formation of emulsion droplet. At fixed agitation speed, absorbed paraffin oil weight were measured and the $SiO_2/Na_2O$ mole ratio effects on particle size were investigated. Particle size was decreased by increasing the mole ratio of $SiO_2/Na_2O$.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2003

Poly(oxypropylene-oxyethylene glycol) block copolymer(PBC) oil dispersant, which has low toxicity, high biodegradability, and an excellent dispersion efficiency to crude oils and weathered W/O emulsion was prepared by blending PBC, poly(oxyethylene) oleate, and sorbitan monooleate. The dispersing efficiency was measured by swirling flask method. The PBC oil dispersant had an excellent dispersing efficiency to weathered oil products formed as stable W/O emulsion, and the low toxicity, such as 4000 ppm to Oryzias Latipes(24 hr, TLM), Brine Shrimp Artemia(24 hr, TLM).