• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nursery period on growth and yield attribute of green papaya (var. Red lady). The nursery period was 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 months and the green papaya was transplanted on 15 April, 2015 in a non-heated greenhouse. The plant height, node number and fresh weight of nursery plant were increased as the nursery periods increased. The growth of green papaya with 13 months nursery period was better than those of other treatments. First harvest after transplanting was increased as the nursery periods were shorten. It took 137 days (18 August) at 13 months treatment, and 184 days (2 October) at 3 months treatment. The fruit length and diameter were smallest at 3 months treatment and there was no significant difference among other treatments. The fruit yield was also influenced by the nursery periods, the commercial yield was also increased as the nursery periods increased. The commercial yield was highest at 13 months treatment (3,172kg/10a), followed by 11 (2,247kg/10a) and 9 months treatment (2,357kg/10a). At 7 and 5 months treatment were 1,942kg/10a and 1,787kg/10a, respectively and the yield was lowest at 3 months treatment (1,443kg/10a). The commercial yield was significantly decreased under 7 months treatment. Although the harvest time of 11 months treatment was earlier than that of other treatments in non-heated greenhouse, 9 month treatment will be more recommendable for green papaya production because of operating costs.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.363-368
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• 2014

This study was conducted to find out the optimum composition of nursery soil for raising seedling of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Total 9 kinds of raw materials were used such as peat-moss, perlite, leaf mould, rice bran, gull's guano, castor-oil plant bark, palm bark, cow manure and chicken manure for optimum composition of nursery soil in ginseng. Occurrence of damping-off in ginseng was lowered about 50% in nursery soil type 1, 2 and 4 than in other types nursery soil in June, and occurrence rate of rusty root also lowest in nursery soil type 1. As the salinity of nursery soil increased, so did the occurrence of physiological disorder in ginseng seedling. The cause of salinity increasing in nursery soil has closely relation to $NO_3-N$, $P_2O_5$ and $Na^+$ content. Plant height, root length, diameter and weight were longer and heavier in nursery soil type 1 (mixing ratio of peat-moss, perlite and leaf mould was 50 : 20 : 30 based in volume) than in other types of nursery soil. So nursery soil type 1 was selected for raising seedling of ginseng. pH and electric conductivity (EC) of selected nursery soil type 1 was 5.55 and 0.13 dS/m. Contents of $NO_3-N$ and $P_2O_5$ were 21.0 and 40.0 mg/L, and $K^+$ 0.36, $Ca^{2+}$ 3.38, $Mg^{2+}$ 2.01 and $Na^+$ $0.09cmol^+/L$, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.455-464
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• 2021

Forty-eight spring barley genotypes were evaluated for deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration under natural infection across 5 years at Harrington, Prince Edward Island. These genotypes were also evaluated for Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity and DON concentration under field nurseries with artificial inoculation of Fusarium graminearum by the grain spawn method across 2 years at Ottawa, Ontario, and one year at Hangzhou, China. Additionally, these genotypes were also evaluated for FHB severity under greenhouse conditions with artificial inoculation of F. graminearum by conidial suspension spray method across 3 years at Ottawa, Ontario. The objective of the study was to investigate if reactions of barley genotypes to artificial FHB inoculation correlate with reactions to natural FHB infection. DON concentration under natural infection was positively correlated with DON concentration (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) and FHB incidence (r = 0.56, P < 0.01) in the artificially inoculated nursery with grain spawn method. Therefore, the grain spawn method can be used to effectively screen for low DON. FHB severity, generated from greenhouse spray, however, was not correlated with DON concentration (r = 0.12, P > 0.05) under natural infection and it was not correlated with DON concentration (r = -0.23, P > 0.05) and FHB incidence (r = 0.19, P > 0.05) in the artificially inoculated nursery with grain spawn method. FHB severity, DON concentration, and yield were affected by year, genotype, and the genotype × year interaction. The effectiveness of greenhouse spray inoculation for indirect selection for low DON concentration requires further studies. Nine of the 48 genotypes were found to contain low DON under natural infection. Island barley had low DON and also had high yield.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2012

Fusarium root disease can be a serious problem in forest and conservation nurseries in the western United States. Fusarium inoculum is commonly found in most container and bareroot nurseries on healthy and diseased seedlings, in nursery soils, and on conifer seeds. Fusarium spp. within the F. oxysporum species complex have been recognized as pathogens for more than a century, but attempts to distinguish virulence by correlating morphological characteristics with results of pathogenicity tests were unsuccessful. Recent molecular characterization and pathogenicity tests, however, revealed that selected isolates of F. oxysporum are benign on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Other morphologically indistinguishable isolates, which can be virulent, were identified as F. commune, a recently described species. In a replicated greenhouse study, inoculating Douglas-fir seedlings with one isolate of F. oxysporum prevented expression of disease caused by a virulent isolate of F. commune. Moreover, seedling survival and growth was unaffected by the presence of the F. oxysporum isolate, and this isolate yielded better biological control than a commercial formulation of Bacillus subtilis. These results demonstrate that an isolate of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum can effectively reduce Fusarium root disease of Douglas-fir caused by F. commune under nursery settings, and this biological control approach has potential for further development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.163-172
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• 2014

To investigate the possibility of developing the seeding measure for river bank slope revegetation, germination experiment and early growth observation were conducted using 3 native species growing naturally around river banks such as Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phragmites communis, and Miscanthus sinensis. The applied seeding methods were 3 such as scattering seeds, tillage after scattering seeds, and covering up seed with soil after scattering seeds. According to seeding methods, germination experiment and early growth observation were carried out on nursery bed soil in greenhouse. As results of this study, all the 3 native plant species' germination ratio and growth in length on nursery bed soil were highest on the seeding method of covering up seed with soil. Also it was verified by Duncan's multiple range test that the germination ratio and growth in length on the seeding method of covering up seed with soil is distinguished from those on other two seeding methods. According to this results, the best possible seeding measure to be developed should be mechanical seed spraying with soil.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.401-407
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• 2018

Background: In Korea, seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer need to be stored under cold temperature and high humidity condition for months to break physiological dormancy, making storage difficult until spring-sowing. This study was conducted to test the effects of seed storage conditions and seed treatment on the emergence of seedling after spring-sowing in a nursery greenhouse. Methods and Results: After dehiscence, endocarp dried seeds in mild or completely, and wet seeds were stored in $2^{\circ}C$ and $-3.5^{\circ}C$ during winter. Storage at $-3.5^{\circ}C$ resulted in a lower emergence rate (ER) than that at $2^{\circ}C$, and additional cold ($2^{\circ}C$) treatment before or after storage at $-3.5^{\circ}C$ increased the ER. Endocarp dehydration prevented pre-germination at $2^{\circ}C$ storage and increased the ER of seeds stored at $-3.5^{\circ}C$. ER was also dependent on the batch of seeds. However, seed treatments before sowing had only limited effects on ER. Root loss was the main reason for damping-off; prolonged cold storage of seeds increased damping-off, as the detection of pathogens was not high. Conclusions: This study showed that storage conditions such as temperature and moisture content of seeds, affect the ER after spring-sowing and vitality of seedlings, suggesting further attention on seed control for secure seedling stands after spring-sowing.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2013

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was occurred at 8 areas including Naju, Suncheon, Younggwang, Youngam, and Shinan in Jeonnam province and the crops of Younggwang were severely damaged by TSWV. The hot pepper (Capsicum annuum), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum v ar. angulosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) in greenhouse and hot pepper in open field were infected by TSWV. Especially, hot pepper was severely damaged by TSWV infection. The survey data indicated that 1.1-30% in the nursery field at Naju, Suncheon, and Jangheung were infected by TSWV. Plants were infected by TSWV from early June to August. However, TSWV-infected seedlings from nursery fields showed the disease symptoms from May after transplanting. In pepper greenhouses, Frankliniella occidentalis was more dominant insect vector than Frankliniella intonsa. But in open field, the population of insect vector was opposed to greenhouse. In addition, the removal of weeds was able to delay the incidence of TSWV via side-window of greenhouse in Winter. Taken together, the control of weed and insect vector nearby side-window of greenhouse is important to prevent TSWV infection of plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to estimate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from poultry and pig production in South Korea over the last 10 years (2005 through 2014). The calculations of GHG emissions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Over the study period, the $CH_4$ emission from manure management decreased in layer chickens, nursery to finishing pigs and gestating to lactating sows, but there was a gradual increase in $CH_4$ emission from broiler chickens and male breeding pigs. Both sows and nursery to finishing pigs were associated with greater emissions from enteric fermentation than the boars, especially in 2009. Layer chickens produced lower direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from 2009 to 2014, whereas the average direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from manure management for broiler chickens were 12.48 and $4.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. Annual direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions for broiler chickens tended to decrease in 2014. Average $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy uses for broiler and layer chickens were 46.62 and $136.56Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. For pig sectors, the $N_2O$ emission from direct and indirect sources gradually increased, but they decreased for breeding pigs. Carbon dioxide emission from direct on-farm energy uses reached a maximum of $53.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$ in 2009, but this total gradually declined in 2010 and 2011. For boars, the greatest $CO_2$ emission occurred in 2012 and was $9.44Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$. Indirect $N_2O$ emission was the largest component of GHG emissions in broilers. In layer chickens, the largest contributing factor to GHG emissions was $CO_2$ from direct on-farm energy uses. For pig production, the largest component of GHG emissions was $CH_4$ from manure management, followed by $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy use and $CH_4$ enteric fermentation emission, which accounted for 8.47, 2.85, and $2.82Gg-CO_2/yr$, respectively. The greatest GHG emission intensity occurred in female breeding sows relative to boars. Overall, it is an important issue for the poultry and pig industry of South Korea to reduce GHG emissions with the effective approaches for the sustainability of agricultural practices.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.643-654
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• 2012

We conducted the experiment in order to evaluate the control effect of whitefly using the sticky trap. Both Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were more attracted to yellow sticky trap than white or blue colored traps. When yellow sticky traps were installed in different height around tomato, catches of B. tabaci were not significantly different among the traps and catches of T. vaporariorum on the traps in the upper position were more than lower position. T. vaporariorum was more attracted to trap when host plant is smaller. The attracted number to yellow sticky traps were not significantly different between whiteflies (B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum) and their parasitoids (Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus mundus). Yellow sticky trap reduced population density of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum by more than 80% on tomato nursery in a screen cage. Population density of whiteflies in greenhouse installed yellow sticky traps was less than one third of that in untreated greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2009

Hydroponic culture has been developed to control soilborn diseases, to increase yield and to enhance the quality of vegetable, The pathogen could be detected from infected plant materials, hydroponic tanks, culture solution and solid media of the severely infected greenhouse, The density of pathogen population was coincided with the severity of disease incidence, For example, 1,900cfu m$L^{-1}$ pf pathogens were counted from tomato plants sampled in a 20% diseased greenhouse. The pathogens may be introduced in the greenhouse through the contaminated soil surrounding the house and/or through the infected young seedlings grown on the nursery soil. Also, not detected to Ralstonia solanacearum from tomato seeds (House Momotaro, Bbaebbae, Ggoggo, and Minicarol cultivar) selling at a market.