• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2016

In the paper, we discuss dimension reduction of predictors ${\mathbf{X}}{\in}{{\mathbb{R}}^p}$ in a regression of $Y{\mid}{\mathbf{X}}$ with a notion of sufficiency that is called sufficient dimension reduction. In sufficient dimension reduction, the original predictors ${\mathbf{X}}$ are replaced by its lower-dimensional linear projection without loss of information on selected aspects of the conditional distribution. Depending on the aspects, the central subspace, the central mean subspace and the central $k^{th}$-moment subspace are defined and investigated as primary interests. Then the relationships among the three subspaces and the changes in the three subspaces for non-singular transformation of ${\mathbf{X}}$ are studied. We discuss the two conditions to guarantee the existence of the three subspaces that constrain the marginal distribution of ${\mathbf{X}}$ and the conditional distribution of $Y{\mid}{\mathbf{X}}$. A general approach to estimate them is also introduced along with an explanation for conditions commonly assumed in most sufficient dimension reduction methodologies.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

The notion of a BCK-algebra with supremum (briefly, sBCK-algebra) is introduced, and several examples are given. Related properties are investigated. We show that every sBCK-algebra with an additional condition has the condition (S). The notion of a dry ideal of an sBCK-algebra is introduced. Conditions for an sBCK-algerba to be an spBCK-algebra are provided. We show that every sBCK-algebra satisfying additional condition is a semi-Brouwerian algebra.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 2011

Report on the notion of uncertainty is important. The reason is that the measured value includes a lot of uncertain factors. Reliable results can't be derived without the notion of uncertainty. The mathematical model to evaluate uncertainty considering the quality of vibration is important to evaluate uncertainty, and it must contain the every quantity which contributes significantly to uncertainty in the measured results. In this paper, the evaluation of uncertainty analysis about rotor vibration measurements of machine tools is presented to evaluate the most important factors of uncertainty.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2004

In this paper, we introduce the intuitionistic fuzzy circle with a pair of degree which are membership and nonmembership functions, and investigate the properties of them. And also we experiment with developing fuzzy geometry by limiting process of the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy circles which restricted the notion of fuzzy spheres in order to apply to 2-D image.

• Language and Information
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.67-86
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• 2007

The semantic literature on definiteness and specificity shows that the former is relatively an established notion, whereas the latter is still a vague notion that needs to be more clarified and confirmed. Given this, Ionin (2006) argues for the reality of specificity based on the informal use of this. She proposes this in spoken English as a specificity marker which has a semantic feature indicating "peaker intent to refer" and "noteworthiness." She also provides as evidence the results of some crosslinguistics studies including an L2 acquisition study with both L1-Russian and L1-Korean L2-English learners. However, this paper will argue that the informal use of this does not seem to mark specificity according to Ionin's definition of specificity. It will also be argued that the L2 acquisition study cannot be used as evidence for the reality of specificity. Based on these arguments, this paper will try to redefine specificity, based on the notions of existence and uniqueness.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.295-321
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• 2001

This paper attempts to demonstrate how the linguistic and mythological features of the shamanic language make it incantatory, or ′enchanting′. Passages used in shamanic rites manifest linguistic characteristics that point to their own norms and conventions, as well as some mythological features that contribute to the undecipherablity of the shamanic language. Focusing on the estranged linguistic and mythological features, I propose that shamanic languages can be best interpreted in terms of the linguistic hierarchization, a notion that has been developed since Roman Jakobson′s poetics. The present study adopts Eisele′s framework that reinterprets Jakobsonian hierarchization into a slightly revised notion on the basis of the "degree of combinatorial freedom" and the "degree of semantic immediacy", looking into a set of paradigm examples in search of some parallel structures characterizing the shamanic language. The enchanting effect of this peculiar form of language, it is argued, is due mostly to the frequent use of lexical parallelism, which works in the reverse direction of the normal process of interpretation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.183-188
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• 1996

Fuzzy sets Introduced by Zadeh is a concept which can process, and reson a vague Information using membership functions. The notion of rough sets introduced by Pawlak is based on the ability to classify. reduce. and perform approximation reasoning for the Indiscernible data.A comparison between fuzzy sets and rough sets has been given In Pawlak where it is shown that these concepts are different and can't combine each other. The purpose of this paper Is to Introduce and define the notion of fuzzy-rough sets which joins the membership function of fuzzy sets to the rough sets.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.377-402
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• 2007

After the introduction of fuzzy sets by Zadeh, there have been a number of generalizations of this fundamental concept. The notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets introduced by Aranassov is one among them. In this paper, we apply the concept of an intuitionistic fuzzy set to implicative ideals in BCK-algebras. The notion of an intuitionistic fuzzy implicative ideal of a BCK-algebra is introduced, and some related properties are investigated. An extension property for intuitionistic fuzzy implicative ideals is established. Characterizations of an intuitionistic fuzzy implicative ideal are given. Conditions for an intuitionistic fuzzy ideal to be an intuitionistic fuzzy implicative ideal are given. Using a collection of implicative ideals, intuitionistic fuzzy implicative ideals are established.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-119
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• 2009

Internalized Confucian cultural scripts trigger meta-pragmatic thinking in Korean communication. Commonly shared cultural knowledge acts as a powerful constraint upon the behavioral patterns of each participant and this knowledge can be strategically manipulated to avoid confrontations. The strategic use of address reference terms utilizes cultural values as a face-redress mechanism to achieve situation-specific goals. This paper offers a view of Korean address reference terms that rests on four revisions of politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1978, 1987). First, the notion of discernment - or 'wakimae' - as a culture-specific mechanism is reanalyzed. Secondly, culture-specific values as another R (ranking of imposition) variable are introduced. Thirdly, a reevaluation of the notion of positive face (respect) is discussed. Finally, the address reference terms in combination with other honorifics by the speaker that can be strategically applied either to threaten or to enhance the face of the hearer is observed. Because Confucianism is embedded in Korean cultural identity, teaching cultural values integrated and their roles in situation-dependent politeness is required in order to understand interactional nature of politeness occurring from particular discourse contexts.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.125-136
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• 2009

After the introduction of fuzzy sets by Zadeh, there have been a number of generaizations of this fundamental concept. The notion of bipolar-valued fuzzy sets introduced by Lee is one among them. In this paper, we apply the concept of a bipolar-valued fuzzy set to quasi-associative ideals in BCI-algebras. The notion of a bipolar fuzzy quasi-associative ideal of a BCI-algebra is introduced, and some related properties are investigated. Characterizations of a bipolar fuzzy quasi-associative ideal are given. Extension property for a bipolar fuzzy QA-ideal is established.