• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.199-199
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• 2017

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.27-43
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate depression of mothers with children in early childhood and to identify predictors by income level. Methods: The research was conducted with 1,761 data from the 3rd wave of the Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC) data. Independent variables were socio-demographic data, self-esteem, normative life-events, non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict, social support. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Significant factors of depression of female in low-income were non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict. In middle class, significant factors were education, birth order of children, self-esteem, normative and non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict, sociable support. At last, we found that marital conflict was the biggest factor for depression of female in low-income and parenting stress was the most powerful predictor in middle class. Conclusions: Mother's depression has a enormous impacts on development of children in early childhood. Therefore It is required to prevent depression in mothers and it is important to intervene at the early stage of depression. Results of this study showed a different pattern of predictors by income level. Therefore, Intervention and services for a mother's depression should change the direction depending on the level of income.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1021-1037
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• 2015

This study analyzed the impact of sense of self-efficacy on job satisfaction and organizational commitment among technical designers in order to acquire information needed for human resources management in the field of technical design. The study was implemented through a normative-descriptive survey method using a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 217 technical designers working at vendors and agents located in Seoul. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the sense of self-efficacy levels among technical designers according to age and work experience. Personal self-efficacy had a positive influence on both intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction, but also on affective, continuance, and normative organizational commitment. In addition, personal self-efficacy had a greater influence on extrinsic job satisfaction than social self-efficacy. Both personal and social self-efficacy influenced continuance commitment while there was no relationship between social self-efficacy and affective organizational commitment. However, a clear relationship was found between both social and personal self-efficacy and normative organizational commitment. Nevertheless, social self-efficacy had a greater influence on normative organizational commitment than personal self-efficacy. This fact demonstrates the need to exert more effort to promote the sense of personal self-efficacy of technical designers. These results could be used to provide appropriate proposals for human resources management in the field of technical design.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2021

This study examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects corporate tax avoidance behavior. Using a sample of publicly listed U.S. firms, we find that legal CSR-which is required by law-reduces the level of corporate tax avoidance because this type of CSR reduces information asymmetry between investors and corporate management in such a way that investors are less likely to perceive tax avoidance behavior as a risk. On the other hand, we find that the relationship between normative CSR-which is a voluntary type of CSR behavior-and tax avoidance is not statistically significant. Instead, our additional analysis reveals that normative CSR increases the level of corporate tax avoidance conditional on reporting quality. This study provides meaningful implications to the academic literature and to practitioners. Not only does this study highlight the fact that not all CSR are alike, it highlights that it is important to provide transparent CSR information in order to allow stakeholders to estimate the net effects of firms' CSR activities and tax payment.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2002

The study analyzed Yun, Jeung and Kim, Gi-Ung's Houses to understand the architectural scales adopted by them by comparing the composition of factors forming the whole architectural space. The result is as follows. Yun, Jeung's House intentionally adopted the normative order from its initial constuction to its completion, and Kim Gi-Ung's House periodically did different architectural scales whenever its anchae was extended. The architectural scale was the basic system to harmonize those houses part and part or part and whole.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.28-37
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was conducted in order to examine the reliability and validity of the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT). The objective of the study was also to provide the Korean normative data for the CCTT. Methods : Normative samples consisted of 766 children and adolescents living in Seoul and aged from 5 to 15 years. Eighty children who were diagnosed with ADHD, based on the DSM-IV criterion, were recruited from Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Among them, 46 ADHD children were receiving medication, while 34 children were drug-free. Results : The scores of the CCTT were significantly correlated with those of the Stroop test. Three factors were extracted through factor analysis-visual tracking and cognitive flexibility, distractibility and susceptibility to interference, and simple attention and impulsivity. The completion time of the CCTT for all children tended to decrease as age increased. There were significant differences in the CCTT scores between the ADHD group receiving medication, the ADHD-drug free group and the normal groups. The CCTT also showed sound test-retest reliability. These results confirmed the reliability and validity of the CCTT. Finally, we provided the Korean normative data for the CCTT. Conclusion : These results suggest that the CCTT is a reliable and valid test, which can be used to assess frontal function related to child psychiatric disorders in Korean children.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.41-59
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• 2012

This study examines the roles of user resistance and social influences on the acceptance and continuous usage of smartphones at different stages of adoption. The respondents were classified into three groups according to their innovation adoption stage : non-user group, the potential user group and the trial user group. Theories relevant to user resistance, social influences including normative social influences and informational social influences, as well as user adoption and continuance behavior were reviewed and integrated into our research model. In order to verify the proposed structured equation model, we conducted an online survey by targeting mobile phone users and collected data to be analyzed through a partial least squares (PLS) test. This study tested whether there exists differences in the effects of user resistance and different types of social influence on user's adoption or continuance intetion among these three groups. The results showed that user resistance exists in all adopter groups and that it has significant negative influences on intention to use a smartphone. The findings also revealed that user resistance can be enhanced or resolved by two types of social influence; informational social influence resolves user resistance regardless of the adopter category, while normative social influence enhances the user resistance of potential users. Furthermore, the findings show that social influence regardless of the type positively affects user intention. Several theoretic and practical implications pertaining to the results are discussed.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제50호
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• pp.333-361
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• 2016

본 연구는 전통의 규범적 의미에 대한 재해석과 범주화의 탐구를 목적으로 한다. 행위의 규정 근거로서 전통은 규범적 의미를 지니며, 도덕의 중요한 원천이다. 통시적 맥락에서 볼 때, 생태문화적 관점에서 고찰할 때, 전통적 가치는 그 연원이 있고, 시대적 사회적 변화에 따른 변용과 왜곡의 모습을 지니기도 한다. 전통적 가치가 민주시민으로서 미래 사회를 대비하는 데 기여하기 위해서는 재해석과 범주화가 필요하다. 미래 한국사회의 변화 전망 속에 유효한 전통의 규범적 의미는 그 연원으로부터 재해석을 통해 도출될 수 있다. 본고의 논의 순서는 다음과 같다. 먼저 생태문화적 관점에서 전통적 가치의 동적인 변화상을 살펴보고, 한국사회에서 전통적 가치에 대한 사회적 인식을 바탕으로 대표적인 전통적 가치인 충효의 현대적 재해석의 가능성을 탐색하고자 한다. 끝으로 서구적 가치와 한국의 전통적 가치를 포괄하는 한국적 가치의 맥락 속에서 전통적 가치의 범주화와 그 함의를 밝히고자 한다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권3호
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• pp.360-371
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• 1996

산림휴양자원의 효과적인 관리를 위해서는 휴양지의 현재 관리상태를 평가하고 이를 토대로 지속적으로 관리할 수 있는 객관적이고 수량화된 평가기준의 설정이 필요하다. 규범적 접근방법은 이러한 평가기준을 설정할 수 있는 하나의 대안으로써, 학자들 사이에 이에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며 그 유용성 또한 강조되어 왔다. 본 연구는 1993년도에 지리산 국립공원내의 두 야영장(뱀사골 야영장과 제2야영장)을 이용하는 야영객들을 대상으로 실시한 현지설문조사를 토대로 수행되었다. 규범적 접근방법을 이용하여 8개 지표항목에 대한 평가기준을 설정하고 이를 토대로 현재 야영장 관리상태를 평가하였다. 뱀사골 야영장과 제2야영장에서 모두 소음시간과 쓰레기 버리는 행위에 대한 현재 상태가 본 연구에서 설정된 평가기준보다 좋지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 무례한 행위, 텐트수, 야영객수, 급수시설을 이용하기 위해 기다리는 시간은 뱀사골 야영장에서만 평가기준보다 불량한 것으로 나타났다. 텐트사이의 거리와 화장실을 이용하기 위해 기다라는 시간에 대한 현재 상태는 두 야영장에서 모두 평가기준보다 양호했다. 본 연구는 규범적 접근방법이 평가기준설정을 위해 실질적으로 어떻게 이용될 수 있는가를 소개하고, 분석결과를 토대로 휴양자원 관리개선방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국가족관계학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.53-80
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate individual awareness variables influencing emotional, normative, and functional marriage intentions of unmarried men and women. Independent variables were values of offspring, perceptions to unmarried life, attitudes toward multiple role planning, perceptions and availabilities of marriage-related policies, views on the marriageable age, psychological burdens of pressure to marriage by significant people, and views on parents' support for marriage fund. Method: 553 unmarried men and women in Daegu, Korea were surveyed, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA), multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS 22.0. Results: First, this study was more exploratory and in-depth approach to marriage intentions than precedent studies. The sub factors of marriage intentions were emotional, normative, and functional marriage ones. Second, emotional marriage intention showed significant differences depending on gender, dating, views on the marriageable age, and degree of acceptance of parents' support for marriage fund. Among the individual awareness variables, values of offspring, perceptions to unmarried life, attitudes toward multiple role planning, and psychological burdens of pressure to marriage personally or by friends influenced emotional marriage intention. Third, normative marriage intention showed significant differences depending on gender, religion, occupational status, employment condition, dating, views on the marriageable age, and degree of acceptance of parents' support for marriage fund. Among the individual awareness variables, values of offspring, perception to unmarried life, attitudes toward multiple role planning, view on the marriageable age, availabilities of marriage-related information offering policies, and psychological burdens of pressure to marriage by mother influenced normative marriage intention. Fourth, functional marriage intention showed significant differences depending on gender, job, parents' support for marriage fund, views on the marriageable age, and degree of acceptance of parents' support for marriage fund. Among the individual awareness variables, functional marriage intention was influenced by values of offspring, perception about unmarried life, attitudes toward multiple role planning, and degree of acceptance of parents' support for marriage fund. Finally, the hierarchical regression analysis showed that individual awareness variables influenced on marriage intentions. Especially, values of offspring, perceptions to unmarried, and attitudes toward multiple role planning influenced on emotional, normative, and functional marriage intentions in common. Conclusions: The findings from these analyses suggest that the selective process based on the individual awareness has become very significant to having marriage intentions. Therefore, this study will contribute as the basic data on national marriage-related policies. Furthermore, this study will be able to use to think about the marriage intention as a task to be preceded by the national policy in order to prepare for Korea 's low fertility and aging phenomenon.