• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.196-208
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• 2018

This paper described the contents of the WTO (world trade organization) SPS (world trade organization) Agreement and trends in the WTO SPS provisions such as equivalence, localization, transparency, and risk assessment. The purpose of the WTO SPS agreement is to promote international trade by preventing arbitrary and unreasonable use of SPS measures, which are the rights of a country for the protection of human health and animal and plant health, and by abolishing the non-tariff barriers. To this end, the requirements for implementing the SPS measures taken by the importing country are restricted to those that can scientifically prove to be inevitable for SPS protection. The major provisions in WTO SPS agreement were elaborated to promote international trades. When trade-restricted SPS measures such as prohibition of imports are made, a scientific basis should be provided. Therefore, it is essential to provide scientific evidence based on risk analysis to protect people's health from potentially harmful imported foods.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2014

For the dissemination of new and renewable energy, Korean government introduced a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) scheme in 2012 after terminating feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme that was introduced in 2004. With the RPS scheme, 64.7% of its own goal (95.7% in PV and 63.3% in non-PV) was achieved in 2012 and 67.2% of that (94.9% in PV, 65% in non-PV) was achieved in 2013. The deployment of PV systems met the goal very well and that of non-PV did not. Recently, Korean government revised the target year of supplying 10% electricity from new and renewable energy from 2022 to 2024 and released a couple of measures on PV area. Recent studies showed that the bankability of a project plays a key role for PV dissemination. Therefore, the dissemination should be assessed from the point of bankability under the RPS scheme and a little adjustment is necessary to achieve the goal. Especially, installing a small size PV (<100 kwp) system needs a minimum REC price or a FIT scheme. In non-PV area, permission process is a common bottleneck and the related regulation should be eased. In addition, to achieve the long term goal, an implementing scenario has to be prepared. Currently, the portion of the waste-gas energy originated from fossil fuel is too large among the new and renewable energy sources and the portion should be lowered or eliminated in the 10% of electricity supply goal. Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) has its own FIT scheme for PV dissemination from 2014 SMG and revised the PV tariff from 50 to 100 won/kwh in effective of 2015. It is worth to spread the other provinces.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

This paper examines the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) on Korean exports, taking global value chains (GVC) participation into consideration. Using product-level import data from 2000 to 2014, we find heterogeneous effects of importers' SPS and TBT on Korean exports depending on the degree and position of GVC participation. According to the results, trade restrictive effects of SPS and TBT are smaller for industries that are more deeply involved in GVC. However, trade restrictive effects are greater for industries located at a relatively upstream production stage in GVC.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.297-324
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• 2016

China not only has the largest amount of rare earth reserves, but it also produces the most rare earth products. However, China lacks appropriate supervision and management systems of its rare earth industry. The Chinese government's inappropriate mechanisms have been cause for reckless development by national rare earth providers characterized by excessive competition, environmental pollution, and smuggling. In response to the problems, China implemented regulatory measures to restructure the rare earth industry. The Chinese central government intensifies its efforts to control the total quantity of rare earth products and tackle environmental pollution. Six leading conglomerates have been selected to promote the Chinese central government's policy. A new environmental guideline has been drawn up to reduce the discharging of wastewater and air pollution substance. Huge transition and a great influence of its policy changes are expected. These policy changes are bound to entail huge transitions, and the policy is expected to have a great influence in the future structure of the rare earth industry. In consideration of these changes, the Korean government, in collaboration with private enterprises needs to take appropriate measures, such as overseas resources development, R&D expansion, tactical stockpiling, professional manpower training and so on.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.81-100
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• 2010

본고는 한 중 FTA가 체결되어 이행될 경우 대표적인 온실가스인 이산화탄소가 수출 증대를 통해 우리나라에 얼마나 더 많이 배출될 것인가를 분석하고자 하였다. 한 중 FTA 체결에 따른 관세율의 변화가 미래의 산업별 수출에 어떠한 경제적 파급효과를 가져올 것인지를 동태적으로 예측한 후 산업부문별 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 배출변화를 분석하였다. 한국의 대 중국 수출물량 추정을 위해 Bayesian Kalman Filter Vector Auto-Regression(BVAR) 모형을 이용하였다. 이 추정결과를 활용하여 이산화탄소 배출량 변화를 현행체제(Non FTA) 시나리오와 FTA 추진 시나리오를 대비한 결과, 산업 전체를 총합해 보면 2010년 4분기에 이르면 한 중 간 FTA 추진 시나리오(현행 대비 관세율 50% 감소)의 경우가 현행 시나리오보다 수출 증가를 통해 이산화탄소 배출량을 1.96% 증가시킬 것으로 나타났다. 또한 2012년부터 완전 무관세가 실시되는 것을 가정한 시나리오에 따라 2014년 4분기에 이르면 FTA 추진에 따라 이산화탄소 배출량이 현행 시나리오 경우보다 2.06% 증가 배출되는 것으로 예측되었다. 전체적으로 볼 때 한 중 간 FTA 추진에 따른 대 중국 수출액 순증가가 우리 국내에 추가적으로 배출시키는 이산화탄소량은 비교적 크지 않을 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권4호
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• pp.505-512
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 차기 임산물협상(林産物協商)의 관세인하(關稅引下)가 임산물시장에 미치는 영향을 검토하였고 그 영향을 최소화하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. UR협상 결과와 뉴라운드협상 준비과정에서 나타난 양허범위(讓許範圍), 협상기준세율(協商基準稅率), 관세인하폭 등 쟁점사항에 기초하여 차기 임산물협상(林産物協商)의 관세인하(關稅引下)에 대한 시나리오를 작성하였고 관세인하(關稅引下)에 의한 시나리오별 영향은 임업연구원에서 개발한 국내임산물시장분석모델을 이용하여 추정하였다. 차기 임산물협상(林産物協商)의 관세인하(關稅引下)는 국내소비량 및 생산량보다 상대적으로 순수입량에 더 큰 영향을 마치는 것으로 추정되었다. 차기협상의 관세인하(關稅引下)가 합판시장 및 제품의 순수입량에 미치는 영향이 상대적으로 클 것으로 나타났으나 원목시장과 제품의 생산량 및 소비량에 미치는 영향은 1% 미만일 것으로 분석되었다. 관세인하(關稅引下)로 1차 가공제품의 국내생산량이 감소됨에 따라 원목의 국내소비량이 감소되고 이에 따라 원목의 국내생산량 및 수입량은 모두 감소될 것으로 추정되었다. 차기협상의 관세인하(關稅引下)에 대한 영향을 최소화하기 위해서는 협상기준세율(協商基準稅率)을 양허품목(讓許品目)의 경우에는 양허세율(讓許稅率)을, 미양허품목(未讓許品目)의 경우에는 현행실행세율(現行實行稅率)로 하고, 이행기간을 연장하고, 개도국의 지위를 유지하도록 노력하여야 할 것이다. 또한 WTO 규범내 합법적인 반덤핑, 상계관세제도(相計關稅制度) 및 긴급수입제한조치(緊急輸入制限措置) 등을 활용하는 것도 하나의 방안이 될 것이다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.111-128
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• 2002

The Ministerial Declaration of the 4th WTO Ministerial Meeting at Doha in November 2001 announced the launch of the New Round and a completion date of January 1st, 2005. It agreed to eventually negotiate trade and environment linkage issues, such as the relationship between the WTO rules and Multilateral Environment Agreements and the reduction or elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services. The Committee on Trade and Environment was instructed to pursue work on all items on its agenda within the current terms of reference and to give particular attention to the effects of environmental measures on market access, relevant provisions of the TRTPS Agreement, and labelling requirements for environmental purposes. This means that far the first time, the members of the WTO will discuss and negotiate trade and environment linkage in the framework of multilateral trade negotiation. Korea, from the standpoint of a smaller open economy heavily dependent on international trade, is obliged to overcome the challenges imposed by the environment agenda in the Doha declaration. This study examined the linkage among environment, economic growth and international trade in order to review the possible trade and environment policy implications in Korea. Mutual supportiveness of trade and environment depends much on the effectiveness of trade and environment policy coordination. In this regard, we conclude that the Korean government should provide an appropriate institutional framework to promote closer cooperation among policy makers engaged in negotiations. Trade and environment policy review and environmental impact assessment of trade negotiation should be considered as a work programme of this institutional policy coordination framework.

• 기술사
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 1994

In the high degree information society of the 21st century, along with the social activity becoming much more closer, our life style will also be very much changed. Recognition for obtaining various informations rapidly will be anticipated to enhance and the progress of a mobile communication system is greatly expected. This will enable the system to give and receive ″whenever, wherever, whomever, whatsever information.″ In our country, the car telephone and personal mobile communication services of radio calling etc. are diversified by the telecommunication system reformation and by the introduction of competive principle of the hereafter of 1988. Moreover, in accordance with the tariff, the number of subscrier is rapidly increasing. On the other hand, on the utility side of business, for the realization of a mobile communication which is abundant in functional nature, not only the hitherto voice but also non voice system of data communication is being introduced. The Ministry of Communications of Korea has been expediting the effective utilization of limited frequency band of qusai microwave band etc. as a concrete measures for an ever increasing demand. At the same time, to disseminate and promote a mobile communication most effectively, convenience, economic, and safety nature of the system, and in addition to these, international standardization is considered. For constitution of a new mobile communication, the Ministry has been promoting various policies designed for the digitalization of system, utility extention for home. personal level.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2021

This study examines the export competitiveness of four major natural rubber exporters in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region and investigates the factors affecting bilateral natural rubber export. This study utilized the revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) to measure export competitiveness. Next, this study employed the gravity model using the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation to analyze the factors affecting bilateral export from the four major natural rubber exporters to 46 countries in the region. The analysis is conducted by using annual data from 2001 till 2018. The findings showed that all four major exporters maintained their export competitiveness. Indonesia and Vietnam notably exhibited increasing trends in the early 2000s. Besides, the market share for Malaysia and Vietnam have increased from 2013 to 2015 with the BRI implementation in 2013. In addition, this study discovered that non-tariff measures (NTM) have a positive and significant impact on the bilateral export of natural rubber. The overall findings strongly indicate that the natural rubber export has increased post BRI announcement. The outcome highlighted the benefits of BRI implementation on the natural rubber export. This study is the first attempt to apply the gravity model on the natural rubber exports within the BRI region.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the welfare effects of standards harmonization between technologically asymmetric countries, and to determine optimal harmonization strategies for a country with mid-level technological advancement. Design/methodology - Following Salop's circular city model (Salop, 1979), this study constructs a simple, horizontally-differentiated oligopoly model in which three firms and three countries exist. Each country adopts different compatibility standards and each firm incurs conversion costs for foreign market access due to differences in standards. The conversion costs are related to technology; standards harmonization removes these costs between participating countries. The paper considers three cases: i) no harmonization; ii) harmonization with the more technologically-advanced country and iii) harmonization with the less technologically-advanced country. Findings - The paper first considers a scenario in which all three firms occupy some share of the market in each country. It shows that standards harmonization with both the technologically moreor less-advanced country always increases consumer surplus and social welfare. In addition, the producer surplus will increase if the harmonization partner has a higher technology level, whereas it may decrease if the partner has a lower technology level. It also shows that if most domestic export goods are in sectors with conversion costs above a certain level, harmonizing standards with a technologically more-advanced country should be prioritized. Such strategies, moreover, should be emphasized when there exists a large technology gap among countries. Lastly, the paper considers another scenario, in which harmonization leads to the foreclosure of the non-member firm from the member countries' markets. It shows that harmonization improves the social welfare of a mid-level technology country regardless of its partner's technology. It also shows that the country should prioritize harmonization with the technologically less-advanced country. Originality/value - Though some of the existing studies consider the welfare effects of harmonization, their main assumption is that firms have the same conversion technology. Since complying with standards often requires substantial technological advancement and technical expertise, harmonization of compatibility standards between countries with gaps in technological ability carries different implications. This paper investigates the welfare effects of this harmonization and determines an optimal harmonization strategy while considering technological asymmetry among countries in standards compliance.