• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.69
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• pp.139-162
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• 2022

This study verified the effect of learning motivation on immersion by non-face-to-face class method. For this purpose, 101 college students majoring in early childhood education were selected as research subjects. The average age of the study subjects was 22.6 years old, and 51 students took non-real-time non-face-to-face classes, and 50 students took real-time non-face-to-face classes. The study measured the level of immersion and the type of learning motivation after the non-face-to-face class was finished. The measured data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis. As a result, in the results for all students, the performance approach goal had the most influence on immersion, and the mastery goal orientation had the next effect. Performance avoidance orientation had no effect. For students in non-face-to-face classes, performance approach goal orientation had an effect on immersion, and for students in real-time non-face-to-face classes, mastery goal orientation had an effect. The implications that can be obtained from the results of this study are as follows. First, non-real-time non-face-to-face classes should cover basic knowledge and skills so that there are no mistakes and failures. Second, non-real-time non-face-to-face classes should allow tasks with appropriate difficulty to be performed with a deadline. Third, real-time non-face-to-face classes should lower the fear of mistakes and failures.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on the clinical, radiographic outcome of surgical peridontal therapy. The outcome of periodontal surgery was evaluated in 51 systemically healthy subjects that had received maintenance care. The study subject consisted of 26 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The average age of smoking patients was 51 years old and non-smoking patients was 48 years old. Changes of probing pocket depth(PPD) and radiographic bone height, and number of missing teeth compared between smokers and non-smokers during maintenance period after surgical therapy. The clinical parameters were less favorable in the smoking group compared with non-smoking group. The number and percentage of missing teeth were greater in smokers(21.6%) than non-smokers(l2.4%), especially in molars. The mean presurgery PPD was similar in smokers and non-smokers, molars and premolars, but significantly decreased at least 2 years after surgery. The mean PPD reduction was significantly greater in non-smokers than smokers. Both in the smoking and non-smoking group, the mean PPD reduction was significantly greater in premolars than molars. The radiographical evaluation was also less favorable in the smoking group than non-smoking group. The radiographic evaluation of bone height in smokers showed bone loss. On the contrary, bone height of non-smokers showed bone gain during the period of maintenance. But there was no significant difference between molars and premolars. The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the smoking group was less favorable than those of the non-smoking group. Therefore , smoking seems to influence on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of surgical periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.635-645
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on nutrient intake and blood mineral status. The subjects were composed of two groups.55 smokers and 52 non-smokers. A 24-hour recall method was used along with questionnaires and serum mineral levels were analyzed by ICP spectrometer. The average ages of the smokers and non-smokers were 55.5 and 59.3 years old, respectively. The height, obesity degree, BMI, and WHR of the smokers were significantly higher than those of the non-smokers (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) Approximately 45.5% of the smokers smoked 16-20 cigarettes per day. The average age that the smokers started smoking was 22.0 years old and their smoking history was 33.5 years. About 74.5% of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while 44.2% of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less meals and breakfast meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy intake and CPF energy intake ratio were 1231.8 ㎉ and 69.8 : 14.8 : 14.7 in the smokers and 1210.2 ㎉ and 72.1 : 14.7 12.7 in the non-smokers, respectively. The results show that the smokers tended to consume more energy, lipid, and cholesterol compared to the non-smokers. The results also show that in both groups, nutrient intake was lower than the RDA. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of the intake frequency of green-yellow vegetables and fresh fruits. There were no significant differences in serum levels of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. However, serum Se level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the subjects of this study showed a serious imbalance in the nutrient intake, and the smokers showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their high intake of energy, lipid, cholesterol, alcoholic beverages, and coffee. The serum Se level of the smokers was higher than that of the non-smokers, showing that Se is involved in smoking, Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to Se and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.280-285
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• 2008

ZigBee is Low Power and Low Data Rate Wireless Communication protocol. It apply to much Ubiquitous Sensor Network. ZigBee PAN is two type PAN. One is Beacon Enabled PAN, the other is Non Beacon Enabled PAN. To support Low Power in Non Beacon Enabled PAN, End-Device enter Active status at End-Device's wishing time and send a data. So, Router does not know End-Device sends a data time. To solving this problem, Router must always exist to Active status. In this case, Router receive a power supply always in Non Beacon Enabled PAN. But Router does not receive a power supply always, Router can not normal operation, such as Router use a battery. To solve this problem, Router will be support low power. In this paper, we will present Router's Low Power Algorithm. And we suggest 'PAN Time'. Device use 'PAN Time' for PAN synchronous. Router using Low Power Algorithm can be enter to inactive status. So Non Beacon Enabled PAN of Router support the low power mode Therefore Router does not receive a power supply always, Router can normal operation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.470-480
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• 2010

Although e-Learning contents contain audio materials as well as visual materials, research on the design of audio materials has been focused on visual design. If it is considered that non-speech sounds which are a type of audio materials can promptly provide feedbacks of learners' responses and guide learners' learning process, the systemic design of non-speech sounds is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the learners' perceptions toward non-speech sounds contained the e-Learning contents with multidimensional scaling method. For this purpose, the eleven non-speech sounds were selected among non-speech sounds designed Korea Open Courseware. The 66 juniors in A university responded the degree of similarity among 11 non-speech sounds and the learners' perceptions towards non-speech sounds were represented in the multidimensional space. The result shows that learners perceive separately non-speech sounds by the length of non-speech sounds and the atmosphere which is positive or negative.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.227-243
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• 2003

To find the structural characteristics of non-slip device in connecting method B between steel pipe pile and concrete footing, compression and uplift test was performed for full sized specimens not having non-slip device, those having non-slip device with two curved steel plate bars welded inside the steel pipe pile(standard method), and those having non-slip device with serveral curved steel plate bars bolted inside the steel pipe pile(new method). As a result, specimens not having non-slip device had chemical debonding failure at 15.6tonf of peak uplift load and 27.57tonf of peak compression load. And the standard method and the new method showed about 8.9 times of peak uplift load and 6.2 times of peak compression load higher than specimens not having non-slip device. The load transfers of lower non-slip devices of the standard method and the new method were similar in behavior, while the higher non-slip device of the new method showed higher ratio of load transfer than that of the standard method. And these two methods had nearly the same composite action and structural capacity caused by non-slip devices.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.63-75
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• 2009

1. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the Sasang constitutional equilibrium functional difference according to drinking and smoking. 2. Methods: We analyzed the data of 300 adults(194 males, 106 females), who visited Cheonan oriental hospital of D univ. for medical examination, which includes Sasang constitution examination, equilibrium function test, questionnaire. We evaluationed the equilibrium function by measurement of open eyes and close eyes trace length, using the posturography system, according to drinking groups, smoking groups and drinking-smoking groups. 3. Results and Conclusions: The results were as follows : 1) In all subjects, trace length of heavy-drinker was significantly higher than non-drinker, trace length of smoker was significantly higher than non-smoker, trace length of drinker and smoker was significantly higher than non-drinker and non-smoker, trace length of male was significantly higher than female. 2) In Soyangin, trace length of middle-drinker was significantly higher than non-drinker. 3) In Taeumin, trace length of heavy-drinker was significantly higher than non-drinker, trace length of smoker was significantly higher than non-smoker, trace length of drinker and smoker was significantly higher than non-drinker and non-smoker. 4) In Soumin, trace length of drinker and smoker was significantly higher than non-drinker and non-smoker. The above results show that driking and smoking are one of main causes to decrease equilibrium function, specially the case of at once drinking and smoking are a potent influence. Also in Taeumin, comparing to different consitutions, the above results show that it is more obvious that drinking and smoking are influence on decrease of equilibrium function.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.197-216
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• 2007

The Purpose of this research is to perform survey on employees of Non-Government Consumer Organization and interview with ADR personnel from Korean Consumer Protection Board to have thorough grasp of problems among consumer ADR. Also come up with plan that will activate Non-Government Consumer organization ADR. Result of this research states following remarks as solution First, consumers from Seoul and Gyeonggi area is the only people who use ADR in Non-Government Consumer organization, so other local governments need to concentrate on consumers from rural area to take advantage of the service. Second, low activity of ADR and legal procedure support compare to other services provide from Non-Government Consumer organization. Third, statistic shows that employees from Non-Government Consumer organization recognize importance of consumer's ADR and government's support as well as enforcement of law. Forth, the preparation of Consumer ADR in Non-Government Consumer organization, selecting committee is the most important procedures are reinforce human resource, improvement of organization structure. Fifty, order to establish Consumer ADR in Non-Government Consumer organization, recruit professional manpower is the priority and financial support is also important. All these result would help improve the activity of ADR in Non-Government Consumer organization, which will lead the organization to be more professionalize, globalize and able to segment the market. Further more, Non-Government Consumer organization would develop better ways to take itself to another level to provide better service. Also, create an institution that will help consumer's dispute and legal procedure. It will prevent future victims and protect consumer's right.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.269-272
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate varietal differences on growth characteristics under the conditions of PE film-mulching and non-mulching in sesame. At maturing stage from 76 to 95 days after sowing, Yangbaeckkae, non-branching plant type, under non-mulching showed larger leaf area index (LAI) than that of film-mulching, while plant height and the number of capsules per plant were similar to those of film-mulching. LAI of Ahnsankkae, branching plant type, under non-mulching was similar to film-mulching, while plant height and the number of capsules per plant were smaller than those of film-mulching. Net assimilation rate (NAR) of two varieties under non-mulching was lower at seedling stage from 25 to 35 days after sowing but higher at flowering stage from 45 to 55 days after sowing. At maturing stage from 66 to 77 days after sowing, NAR and crop growth rate (CGR) of Yangbaeckkae under non-mulching were greater than those of film-mulching, whereas those of Ahnsankkae under non-mulching were lesser than those of film-mulching. Yield under non-mulching was decreased by 7 % in Yangbaeckkae and 33 % in Ahnsankkae compared with that of film-mulching, therefore Yangbaeckkae was more adaptable for non-mulching than Ahnsankkae. Main factors decreasing yield of Yangbaeckkae under non-mulching were small LAI, NAR, and CGR at the stage of young seedling, and small number of capsules at early maturing stage from first flowering to 20 days after first flowering.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.265-274
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• 2011

Nowadays, the importance of non-point source pollution treatment is being emphasized. Especially, the easy runoff characteristic of highly concentrated pollutants in the roads makes the circumstance more complicated due to impermeability of roads. When the pollutants flow into steam it could make water quality in stream worse and it also causes a bad influence in the aquatic ecosystem because the effluents of rainfall-runoff may contain indecomposable materials like oil and heavy metals. Therefore, we tried to figure out the property of non-point source pollution when it is raining and carried out an assessment for the property of runoff for non-point source pollution and EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) of the essential pollutants during this study. As the result of the study, the EMC was BOD 5.2~21.7 mg/L, COD 7.5~35.4 mg/L, TSS 71.5~466.1 mg/L, T-N 0.682~1.789 mg/L and T-P 0.174~0.378 mg/L, respectively. The decreasing rate of non-point pollutant in Chungyang-Hongsung road indicates the maximum decrease of 80% until 5 mm of rainfall based on SS concentration; by the rainy time within 20~30 minutes, the decreasing rate of SS concentration was shown as 88.0~97.6%. Therefore it was concluded that it seems to be possibly control non-point pollutants if we install equipments to treat non-point pollutants with holding capacity of 30 min. It is supposed that the result of this study could be used for non-point pollutants treatment of roads in Chungyang-Hongsung area. We also want to systematically study and consistently prepare the efficient management of runoff from non-point source pollution and pollutant loading because the characteristics of non-point source pollution runoff changes depending on different characteristics and situations of roads and rainfall.