• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.333-339
• /
• 1997

The effects of kind of vegetables and of the kind and amounts of fermented fish sauce on the formation of nitrosamine (NA) during kimchi fermentation were investigated. Kimchies made of Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and radish with fermented shrimp, anchovy and liquid sauces were fermented at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks and the changes in the content of nitrate, nitrite, trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and NA were studied. Nitrate content in kimchies made of Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and radish increased at the initial period of fermentation, but it decreased at the later period. Nitrite was not detected at the later period of kimchi fermentation. Overall, there have not been great changes in the contents of nitrite and nitrate. However, there have been considrable changes in the contents of TMA and DMA as fermentation progressed. Only nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at the level of 0.5~10.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg was formed in three kinds of kimchies. More NDMA was formed in radish and cucumber kimchies than in Chinese cabbage kimchi. The pH was lowered faster in radish and cucumber kimchies than in Chinese cabbage kimchi. More NDMA was formed in Chinese cabbage kimchi made with fermented shrimp sauce than those with anchovy or liquid sauces. Shrimp sauce contained higher amount of DAM than anchovy and liquid sauces. The contents of NDMA tended to increase as the amount of shrimp sauce increased. The kind and amount of fermented fish sauce used for kimchi preparation may be an important factor affecting the formation of NDMA.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.279-289
• /
• 2018

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a class of disinfection byproducts and a frequently detected nitrosamine with carcinogenic potentials. This review summarizes NDMA precursors, their formation mechanisms in chloraminated water, and mitigation strategies. Understanding the formation mechanism and characteristics of precursors is essential for developing a mitigation strategy. Dimethylamine (DMA), the most widely studied NDMA precursor, has an NDMA molar yield up to 3%. In comparison, a subset of tertiary amines, e.g., pharmaceuticals, generate up to 90% upon chloramination. Potent NDMA precursors, are characterized by their negative partial charge, low planarity values and molecular weight, and high bond length and $pK_a$ values. A nucleophilic substitution of tertiary amine on chloramine is a key reason for the high NDMA yield from the most potent NDMA precursors. The distribution and fate of NDMA in surface water, aquifers, and its formation in the distribution system can be mitigated through two strategies: (1) degrading or/removing NDMA after its formation and (2) pre-treatment of its precursor's prior chloramination.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 낙동강에서의 nitrosamine류의 검출 현황에 대해 조사하였다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 6종의 nitrosamine류 (NDEA (N-nitrosodiethylamine), NDPA (N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine), NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine), NMEA (N-nitrosomethylethylamine), NDBA (N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine) 및 NDPHA (N-Nitrosodiphenylamine))가 낙동강에서 검출되었다. 검출된 nitrosamine류 6종 중에서 NDEA와 NDPA가 주요 오염물질로 나타났으며, 몇몇 지점들에서의 NDEA의 검출농도는 미국 CDHCS (California Department of Health Care Services)의 대응수준인 100 ng/L를 초과하였으며, NDPA의 경우는 소수의 지점들에서 CDHCS의 대응수준(500 ng/L)에 근접한 농도로 검출되었다. 낙동강에서 검출된 nitrosamine류 9종의 최대 검출농도는 735.7 ng/L로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.149-153
• /
• 1992

N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanid me (MNNG)와 N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)의 돌연변이 유발성 및 AZ-52l 사람의 위암세포의 성장에 미치는 녹황색 채소류의 저해 효과를 검토하였다. 26종의 시험 채소중 24종(92%)이 MNNG에 대한 항돌연변이성이 있었으며 (p<0.01, 0.05) 80%이상 저해 효과를 보인 시료는 들깻잎, 배추, 꽃양배추, 상치, 갓, 미나리, 들미나리, 당근, 우엉이었다. 한편 NDMA에 대해서도 실험채소중 85%가 항돌연변이성을 나타내었는데 (p<0.01, 0.05) 들깻잎, 배추, 케일, 콩나물, 양파는 80%이상의 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 위암세포의 성장 저해 효과에서는 들미나리와 들깻잎이 가장 저해 효과가 컸으며(97~100%) 콩나물과 미나리가 다음으로 효과가 컸었다(p< 0.001). 또한 브로콜리, 쑥갓, 풋고추, 고추잎, 시금치, 양배추, 고구마도 통계적인 유의성을 나타내며 암세포 성장을 억제하는 효과가 있었다(p< 0.01, 0.05).

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2013

This study noted that the actual mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) photodecomposition in the presence of $H_2O_2$ is missing from the previous works. This study investigated a key unknown reactive species (URS) enhanced by the addition of $H_2O_2$ during the photolysis of NDMA with $H_2O_2$, not hydroxyl radicals. In order to provide experimental evidences in support of URS formation, we have mainly used p-nitrosodimethylaniline, methanol, and benzoic acid as well-known probes of ${\cdot}OH$ in this study. Both loss of PNDA and formation of hydroxybenzoic acids were dependent on NDMA concentrations during the photolysis in a constant concentration of $H_2O_2$. In particular, competition kinetics showed that the relative reactivity of an URS was at least identical with ${\cdot}OH$-like reactivity. In addition, the decay of NDMA was estimated to be about 65% by the direct UV light and about 35% by the reactive species or URS generated through the photolysis of NDMA and $H_2O_2$. Therefore, our data suggest that a highly oxidizing URS is formed in the photolysis of NDMA with $H_2O_2$, which could be peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) as a potent oxidant by itself as well as a source of ${\cdot}OH$.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국방재학회 2008년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
• /
• pp.413-416
• /
• 2008

Recently, the results of vital tissue test showed that nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a disinfection by-product (DBP), could be regarded as a carcinogen because a tumor was observed in organs. U.S.EPA indicated 0.7 ng/L as exposure concentration of NDMA based on a risk assessment target with a lifetime cancer risk of $10^{-6}$. Several recent studies have shown that UV oxidation could remove NDMA. However, UV oxidation is uneconomical and can reform NDMA after treating. In addition, the treatment mechanism of adsorption has not been founddue to the uncertainty of NDMA pathway. In addtion, NDMA has a radioisotope $^{14}C$-labeled which can be analyzed at low concentration of NDMA by Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC). This study has investigated NDMA determination using LSC at an extremely low range from 1 to 100 ng/L and NDMA removal by powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. For $^{14}C$-NDMA by LSC, the highest correlation over 99% between count number and NDMA concentrationwas obtained with possibility of $^{14}C$-NDMA concentration up to 1 ng/L. In the presence of PAC ranging from 50 to 10,000 mg/L, $^{14}C$-NDMA was removed from 18% to 97% for Sigma-Aldrich corporation (S-A co.) and from 9% to 93% by PAC for Daejung corporation (Dj co.). Hence it was found that the removal efficiency by PAC adsorption could vary depending on PAC types from different companies. For PAC adsorption capacity of $^{14}C$-NDMA using the Freundlich isotherm, $K_f$ and 1/n of PAC from S-A co. were $2.67\times10^{-3}$ ng/mg and 1.009, while those of PAC from Dj co. were $1.30\times10^{-3}$ ng/mg and 0.994, respectively. Thus, PAC from S-A co. showed twice higher adsorption capacity than Dj co.

• 한국연초학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국연초학회 2005년도 제54회 학술발표회
• /
• pp.28-28
• /
• 2005

• 약학회지
• /
• 제53권4호
• /
• pp.189-193
• /
• 2009

To investigate the antioxidant effect of lutein on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDEA)-induced oxidative stress in mice, we measured lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase of various tissues. Body weight was almost similar in lutein and control groups during 3 weeks. NDEA increased significantly the activities of typical marker enzymes of liver function (AST, ALT and ALP) in both groups. However, the increase of plasma aminotransferase activity significantly decreased in lutein group. Lipid peroxidation and SOD in various tissues, such as heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and plasma were significantly increased by NDEA, which were significantly reduced by lutein at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Catalase activity decreased significantly in control and lutein groups treated with NDEA, the effect being less in lutein group. Lesser effect on SOD and catalase in NDEA-treated lutein group indicates the improvement of protective mechanisms by lutein. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that lutein can offer a useful protection against NDEA-induced oxidative stress.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.33-46
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 광분해 산화공정으로 난분해성 물질인 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)인 제거 및 부산물 생성 특성을 파악하기 위한 3개의 독립변수 (자외선 강도($X_1:\;1.5{\sim}4.5\;mW/cm^2$, 초기 NDMA 농도($X_2:\;100{\sim}300\;uM$), pH(X3:3~9))와 4개의 종속변수(NDMA 제거율($Y_1$), dimethylamine (DMA) 생성농도($Y_2$), dimethylformamide (DMF) 생성농도($Y_3$) 및 $NO_2$-N 생성농도($Y_4$))로 구성된 박스-벤켄 설계를 이용한 실험계획을 적용시켜 예측 모델과 광분해 산화 최적조건을 수립하였다. 실험결과 2시간 광분해 후 NDMA는 거의 완전히 제거되었으며 DMA, DMF와 $NO_2$-N은 NDMA 광분해와 동시에 부산물로 생성되었다. 광분해 최적의 조건을 얻기 위해 정준분석을 수행하여 최적 점 (반응값, 독립변수 조건)과 예측반응모델을 수립한 결과, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 ($Y_1=117+21X_1-0.3X_2-17.2X_3+{2.43X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2+{3.2X_3}^2-0.08X_1X_2-1.6X_1X_3-0.05X_2X_3$ ($R^2$ = 96%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 88%)와 99.3% ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;190\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.2$), $Y_2=-101+18.5X_1+0.4X_2+21X_3-{3.3X_1}^2-{0.01X_2}^2-{1.5X_3}^2-0.01X_1X_2-0.07X_1X_3-0.01X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 99.4%, 수정 $R^2$ = 95.7%)와 35.2 uM ($X_1:\;3\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;220\;uM$, $X_3:\;6.3$), $Y_3=-6.2+0.2X_1+0.02X_2+2X_3-{0.26X_1}^2-{0.01X_2}^2-{0.2X_3}^2-0.004X_1X_2+0.1X_1X_3-0.02X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98%, 수정 $R^2$ = 94.4%)와 3.7 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;290\;uM$, $X_3:\;6.2$), $Y_4=-25+12.2X_1+0.15X_2+7.8X_3+{1.1X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2-{0.34X_3}^2+0.01X_1X_2+0.08X_1X_3-3.4X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98.5%, 수정 $R^2$ = 95.7%)와 74.5 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;220\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.1$). 반응표면분석법 중 하나인 박스-벤켄법은 UV 광분해에 의한 NDMA 분해 및 부산물 생성에 대한 통계학적 및 수학적인 결과 및 최적의 운전조건을 제시하였다. 예측모델의 검정을 통하여 박스-벤켄법은 매우 높은 신뢰성을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.244-250
• /
• 2017

Dimethylamine(DMA), 질산염, 아질산염, biogenic amines은 발암성 니트로사민의 전구물질이다. 본 연구는 국내 상품 김치로 유통되고 있는 국내산 배추김치, 깍두기, 총각김치, 맛김치, 묵은김치, 백김치의 김치 내 DMA, 질산염, 아질산염, biogenic amines의 오염도를 조사하였다. 배추김치 내 DMA, 질산염, 아질산염 함량은 각각 29.7, 2,178.8, 3.0 mg/kg이었다. 김치 종류 중에서 깍두기의 DMA와 질산염 함량이 가장 낮았다. Tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine이 백김치와 총각김치를 제외한 분석된 김치 내 검출되었다. 백김치 내 tryptamine이 단지흔적량 존재하고 spermidine은 총각김치에서는 검출되지 않았다. 배추김치 내 tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine의 함량은 각각 15.0, 64.6, 18.0, 44.0, 7.8 mg/kg이었다. 깍두기 내 tyramine의 함량이 낮았다. 깍두기 내 NDMA의 오염도를 분석하였고, 그 평균 함량은 $1.38{\mu}g/kg$이었다. 깍두기 1일 평균 섭취량과 체중을 근거로 깍두기 섭취군의 NDMA 인체노출량을 산출한 결과 깍두기 섭취로 인한 NDMA 노출량은 $2.31{\times}10^{-7}mg/kg\;b.w./d$로 나타났으며, 노출안전역(MOE)은 259,924로 위해 정도가 매우 낮은 안전한 수준으로 나타났다.