Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater (상하수도학회지)

The Korean Society of Water and Wastewater (대한상하수도학회)
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Understanding N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during chloramination: Precursor characteristics, pathways and mitigation

상수 염소 처리 과정중에 형성되는 N-니트로소디메틸아민에 대한 이해: 전구체의 특징, 경로와 경감

  • Seid., Mingizem Gashaw (Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Son, Aseom (Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Cho, Kangwoo (Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)) ;
  • Hong, Seokwon (Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
  • Received : 2018.05.11
  • Accepted : 2018.05.30
  • Published : 2018.06.15
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Abstract

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a class of disinfection byproducts and a frequently detected nitrosamine with carcinogenic potentials. This review summarizes NDMA precursors, their formation mechanisms in chloraminated water, and mitigation strategies. Understanding the formation mechanism and characteristics of precursors is essential for developing a mitigation strategy. Dimethylamine (DMA), the most widely studied NDMA precursor, has an NDMA molar yield up to 3%. In comparison, a subset of tertiary amines, e.g., pharmaceuticals, generate up to 90% upon chloramination. Potent NDMA precursors, are characterized by their negative partial charge, low planarity values and molecular weight, and high bond length and $pK_a$ values. A nucleophilic substitution of tertiary amine on chloramine is a key reason for the high NDMA yield from the most potent NDMA precursors. The distribution and fate of NDMA in surface water, aquifers, and its formation in the distribution system can be mitigated through two strategies: (1) degrading or/removing NDMA after its formation and (2) pre-treatment of its precursor's prior chloramination.

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References

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