• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.280-293
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• 2011

There is currently increased interest in the identification of antioxidant compounds that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects. Plants produce significant amounts of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen, therefore they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. FARFARE FLOS has been frequently used on the respiratory system including bronchitis, phthisis. In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from FF was studied in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on Cu2+-induced human LDL oxidation. The FF extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation. And this study was designed to evaluate whether FFEA may ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory status through the antioxidative mechanism in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with FFEA significantly reduced LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the FF extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drug against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2021

The overproduction of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative damage to neuronal cells, leading to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we determined the nitric oxide radical (NO), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide anion radical (O₂^-) scavenging activities of apigenin. Our results showed that apigenin exhibited remarkable, concentration-dependent ·OH, O₂^-, and NO radical scavenging activities. Particularly, apigenin indicated the strongest ·OH radical scavenging activity with 93.38% in the concentration of 100 µM. Furthermore, we also investigated the protective effects of apigenin against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. The H₂O₂ treatment resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability, as well as an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and ROS production compared with the H₂O₂-nontreated SH-SY5Y cells. However, the cell viability significantly increased in the apigenin-treated group, as well as inhibited ROS generation and LDH release compared with the H₂O₂-induced control group. To elucidate the protective mechanisms of apigenin against oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y, we analyzed the apoptosis-related protein expression. The apigenin treatment resulted in the downregulated expression of apoptosis-related protein markers, such as cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3, poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP), and B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X (Bax), as well as the upregulated expression of anti-apoptosis markers such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). In this study, we report that apigenin exhibits a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that apigenin may be considered as a potential agent for neurodegenerative disease prevention.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.244-253
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity and antioxidant activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE). We were separated into GJE peel. After that, we determined anthocyanin. GJE peel were extracted by 70% methanol, distilled water (DW) and ethyl acetate (EA) three solvents. To investigate by the solvent extract of total phenol content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel through nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition were performed. Solvent extract bioactivity of increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL) were significantly increased (p<0.05). GJE peel extracts showed lower activity than positive control (ascorbic acid, BHA, trolox). The total phenol contents of GJE peel extracts were highest in EA extract. However, the order of total phenol content of the solvent in the GJE peel and the results of analysis of various physiological activities were inconsistent. Considering the extraction yield and various physiological activities, it is expected to be effective when extracted from 70% methanol and DW extract. The results suggest that GJE peel is highly expected to be useful as a functional foods and natural antioxidant.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.785-791
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• 2021

Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have probiotic properties that exert various health benefits. In this study, the reduction potential of nitrogen oxide compounds and ferric ions by six LAB, including Lactobacillus kimchicus, L. lactis, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus GG, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were evaluated. The L. kimchicus strain produced a substantial amount of nitrite reduced from nitrate added to the media, whereas the other five LAB strains did not. L. kimchicus also showed the most potent reducing activity of ferric to ferrous ions. However, the reduction potential of the autoclaved L. kimchicus was little pronounced. The scavenging activities of viable LAB or their cell lysates against different radicals were not consistent with the potency of the LAB's reducing ability. The present results indicate that L. kimchicus has a strong reduction potential for nitrogen oxides in viable status, and that this ability can be used as a probiotic property for various health benefits.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.263-272
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• 2018

The object of this study was to measure the bioactivity and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE) in Namhae Korea. The amount of phytic acid was also determined. Extraction was performed using three solvents, CM (choloform:methanol, 2:1, v/v), n-butanol and 70% ethanol. To investigate by the solvent extract of total phenol content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel through nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition were performed. The bioactivities of the extract solvents increased significantly with increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL, p<0.05). The total phenol contents of GJE peel extracts were highest in CM ($39.74{\pm}0.15mg\;CAE/g$) extract. The order of total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and reducing power of the solvents in the GJE peel were the same, in the analysis of nitrogen oxides scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, it was confirmed the results were inconsistent. As a result, the GJE peel showed excellent bioactivities. Considering the extraction yield and various physiological activities, it is considered that efficiency is better when extracted from CM and 70% ethanol extracts.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.631-638
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• 2009

GLEDITSIAE SPINA (GS) has been used as folk remedies traditionally for treatment of antiphlogistic and antifebrile agents. An ethanol extract and its fraction of GS were assessed to determine the mechanism of its antioxidant activity. Also, inhibitory effect of extract from GS and its fraction measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$-induced human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. GS ethanol extract and its fraction exhibited a concentration-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging activities, including trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), OPPH radical, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite and nitric oxide, using different assay systems. Furthermore, the GS ethanol extract and its fraction showed dose-dependent protection of LDL oxidation induced by $CuSO_4$. In addition, the GS ethanol extract and its fraction were characterized as containing a high amount of total phenolics. These results suggest that GS ethanol extract and its fraction might be helpful for preventing oxidative stress and protecting LDL oxidation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1 s.69
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• pp.237-248
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• 2007

Objectives : Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Iksujisundan has been known to be effective for the treatment of diabetes. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of Iksujisundan on renal function, peroxynitrite(ONOO-) scavenging activity and polyol pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods : The crushed Iksujisundan was extracted 3 times, each time with 3 volumes of methyl alcohol at 60$^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The extract was filtered and evaporated under a reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to yield 87.8g. Iksujisundan extract was orally administreted at 100 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 20 days to the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin(60mg/kg). The effects of Iksujisundan extract on the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were observed by measuring the serum level of glucose, insulin, lipid components, creatinine and BUN, and also the kidney levels of superoxide anion radical(${\cdot}$O2-), nitric oxide(NO) and ONOO-, and also the enzyme activities involved in the polyol pathway. Results : The effects of Iksujisundan on the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with regards to body weight, blood glucose and indulin levels, creatinine and BUN levels, total cholesterol and triglyceride lavels, and HDL-cholesterol levels were all shown to be good enough to prevent and cure the diabetes and its complications. Iksujisundan inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}$O2-,NO and ONOO- in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were reversed toward natural activities. Conclusions : Iksujisundan might inhibit the development of diabetes and its complications by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thereby by reducing oxidative stresses and also by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, all of which could help to recover kidney function.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2009

There is currently increased interest in the identification of antioxidant compounds that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects. Plants produce significant amounts of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen, therefore they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. Moutan Root Sark (MRS) has been frequently used as analgesic. antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and remedies for female diseases. In this study. the antioxidant activity of extract from MRS was studied in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$ induced human LDL oxidation and the inhibitory effect on collagen induced platelet aggregation. The MRS extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation and on platelet aggregation. In conclusion, the MRS extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drug against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2013

To enhance the utilization of Allium hookeri (AH) as a food, characteristics of AH roots and leaves cultivated under open field and greenhouse conditions were investigated. The moisture content of the roots and leaves were 81.05 to 84.18% and 88.85 to 90.12%, respectively. The moisture content of AH cultivated in the open field was 2 to 3% lower than the moisture content of AH cultivated in the greenhouse for both roots and leaves. The content of nitrogen-free extract, carbohydrates, was 13.49 to 16.20% in the roots and 7.08 to 7.79% in the leaves. The main mineral generated from both open field and greenhouse cultivation was potassium, at 503.98 to 512.08 mg% in leaves. The free sugar content of roots cultivated in the open field was four times higher than the content in the leaves, and roots cultivated in the greenhouse contained three times lower free sugar than the leaves. In particular, the fructose content of roots cultivated in the open field was about 12 times higher than roots cultivated in the greenhouse. The crude saponin and total polyphenol content was higher in leaves than roots, and was higher in the open field than the greenhouse. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest, 2.74 mg/mL, in 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse. Water and 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse showed no cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. Water extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the open field markedly inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. These results suggest that AH may be used as the material of health functional food.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.988-999
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• 2008

Objectives : The study was conducted to evaluate antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hypertensive effects of natural remedies. Alisma Rhizome (AR) has been used for a long time in Asia in folk remedies for treatment of hypertension and stroke and has been used in Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of glycosuria, gonorrhea, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and jaundice and its diuretic effect. These pharmacological effects of AR might come from antioxidant properties of phytochemicals in these materials. Methods : In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from AR was studied with in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$ induced human LDL oxidation and on ACE. Results : The AR extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation and on ACE against all of the reactive species tested, with the water extract showing particularly strong antioxidant activities. Conculsions : The AR extracts have antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hypertensive effects in an in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drugs against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.