• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.737-745
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of smoking, process of smoking cessation, and nicotine dependency, and urine nicotine among adults with diabetes which are smokers and to examine the relationship among those variables. Method: The subjects consisted of 62 adult men smokers with diabetes mellitus. FTQ and NicCheck 1 were used to measure the level of nicotine dependence. The amount of cigarette smoking was measured by the number of cigarette packs use per week. The stage of smoking cessation was measured by the Prochaska's method. Results: The Subjects smoked cigarettes with a mean of 5.97 packages per week. Seventy-seven percent of the subjects had a nicotine dependency. Fifty-two percent had a high level of nicotine dependency in urine nicotine. Nineteen percent were in the precontemplation stage. The level of cigarette consumption was related to nicotine dependence and urine nicotine. Also, nicotine dependency was related to urine nicotine. Conclusion: A tailored smoking cessation program is needed to prevent the chronic complication for diabetes smokers. Self-reported smoking and nicotine dependency seemed to do equally well as NicCheck 1 in assessing nicotine intake.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study is to seek an effective way to support smoking cessation by analyzing any change to the pattern of nicotine dependence according to the change in time. Methods: The study was conducted with 800 male smokers who had participated in smoking cessation programs at public health centers from July 16, 2005 to July 15, 2008. Latent growth curve modeling approach was used for data analysis. Results: From the developmental trajectory of individual nicotine dependence, while nicotine dependence of smokers with high nicotine dependence in the first year was slightly decreased in the third year, smokers with low nicotine dependence in the year showed dramatically lower nicotine dependence in the third year. Compared with those who did not successfully quit smoking, the initial value of nicotine dependence of those who successfully quit smoking in the first and the second year was low. Over the years, nicotine dependence was decreased. Conclusion: From this study it was demonstrated that nicotine dependence was reduced through the practice of smoking cessation and reduced nicotine dependence was a factor which affects successful smoking cessation. These results indicate that multiple attempts to quit smoking finally reduces nicotine dependence. Reduced nicotine dependence is likely to increase the possibility of successful smoking cessation.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compare three therapies - auricular acupuncture, transdermal nicotine patch and therapy - in combination with auricular acupuncture and nicotine patch. Methods : The subjects of this study included 188 male smokers in their 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s, who visited Wonmi Public Health Center. They were evaluated with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, amounts of daily smoking and success rate of smoking cessation. The subjects decided on a therapy method strictly of their own choice. They were divided into three groups according to the therapy; auricular acupuncture group (62 persons), nicotine patch group (69 persons) and combination therapy group (57 persons). Results : All three groups resulted in statistically significant reducing effects of nicotine dependence and amounts of daily smoking. In the combination therapy group, nicotine dependence was significantly decreased by more than those of the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in decrements of daily smoking and success rate of smoking cessation among the three groups. Conclusions : The above results suggest that auricular acupuncture and transdermal nicotine patch have significant effects of smoking cessation. If they are combined, it is expected that therapies for smoking cessation would be developed.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of stress, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, smoking temptation, and nicotine dependency, and to identify factors influencing nicotine dependency among male college students who smoke. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for 283 male college students who smoke in D city, Korea. Data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: The mean score of stress was $27.00{\pm}6.28$, self-efficacy for smoking cessation was $25.61{\pm}6.71$, smoking temptation was $53.87{\pm}11.02$, and nicotine dependency was $3.63{\pm}1.96$. There was a significant positive correlation between stress and nicotine dependency (r=.58, p<.001) and between smoking temptation and nicotine dependency (r=.59, p<.001). There was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy for smoking cessation and nicotine dependency (r=-.59, p<.001). The significant factors influencing nicotine dependency were stress (${\beta}=.357$, p<.001), self-efficacy for smoking cessation (${\beta}=.359$, p<.001), and smoking temptation (${\beta}=.297$, p<.001). This model explained 60.3% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=105.59, p<.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that an intervention program is needed to reduce the perception of stress and smoking temptation, and to increase the ability of self-efficacy for smoking cessation among male college students who smoke with the intention to quit smoking.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was to compare the stop-smoking rate and nicotine dependency for an adult smoker after implementing the smoking cessation program. Method: Fourty-six adult smokers participated. Self report questionnaire and telephone interview were conducted at the pretest, 6 months later, 1 year later, 2 years later, 3 years later. Result: 1. Stop-smoking rate of smoking cessation program participants was 43.5% 6 months later, 35.6% 1 year later, 24.4% 2 years later, 45.5% 3 years later. 2. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 6 months later(paired-t=4.719, p=.000). 3. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 1 year later(pired-t=4.296=.000). 4. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 2 years later(paired-t=2.778. p=.000). 5. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 3 years later(paired-t=2.795. p=.000). Conclusion: The smoking cessation program was effective to induce cessation in the adult smoker, and to decrease nicotine dependency in the continuing adult smoker.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of anxiety, depression and self-esteem on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency among woman smokers. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 121 unmarried woman smokers. The STAI, the CES-D Scale, the Self-Esteem scale and the FTQ were utilized to measure the level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was calculated based on the number of cigarette used. Results: Results indicated that woman smokers were depressed. Nicotine dependency was relatively low. Subjects had smoked a mean of 9.58 cigarettes per day. The level of depression influenced on smoking and nicotine dependency. Self-esteem influenced on the amount of smoking and anxiety influenced on nicotine dependency. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the amount of smoking of unmarried woman smokers was very high. Both the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency were affected by levels of depression. Education programs and campaigns are needed to prevent smoking of young adult women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to identify attitudes to smoking, beliefs about smoking and factors influencing nicotine dependence in woman smokers. Methods: Data was collected from 131 women smokers, who visited a public health center between January and July. 2012. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program. Results: Mean score for attitude to smoking was $23.7{\pm}3.2$, beliefs about smoking, $18.6{\pm}2.9$, and nicotine dependence, $4.3{\pm}2.1$. Attitude to smoking of the woman smokers was significantly different according to marital status, beliefs about smoking were significantly different according to marital status and being employed. Nicotine dependence was significantly different according to frequency of alcohol consumption, stress, number of cigarettes smoked. There was a correlation between attitude to smoking and beliefs about smoking. Age when starting to smoke, number of cigarettes, and length of time one has smoked accounted for 31.0% of nicotine dependence. Conclusion: The results indicate that increasing knowledge and improving attitudes toward smoking as well as training on stress management and exercise are needed. Also, a distinct mediation should be developed for women smokers. Especially, in-depth research is needed to identify psycho-social behavior-related variables for the health promotion of young women smokers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the level of knowledge on preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and nicotine dependency among smoking male college students, and to examine the predicting factors of nicotine dependency. Methods: This study was conducted as cross-sectional descriptive research using structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 411 smoking male college students ($22.5{\pm}2.59$ yr) at two universities located in two cities in Korea from September 2012 to April 2013. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios of nicotine dependency. Results: The mean value of nicotine dependency was $4.2{\pm}1.96$ and the percentage of participants who had strong nicotine dependency (${\geq}7$) was 10.7%. Logistic regression analysis showed that, when adjustment was made for age, nicotine dependency was predicted by the frequency of alcohol drinking (${\geq}3$ times/week), knowledge on CVD prevention, the age starting drinking, and the total length of smoking. Conclusion: Nicotine dependency was strongly related to the frequency of drinking alcohol and lower knowledge on CVD prevention. Therefore, male college students who have a dependent smoking habit and drink alcohol frequently need to take more interest in health through educational counseling to modify their lifestyle behaviors and to have preventive knowledge related to CVD.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.677-692
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• 1998

In order to study the effects of cigarette smoking on periodontal tissue, gingival fibroblast from the smoking and nonsmoking groups were cultured and each group were treated with nicotine(50ng/ml,100ng/ml) and NNK(50ng/ml, 100ng/ml) to test their attachment ability at time intervals of 30minutes, 60minutes, 90minutes, 120minutes, and 240minutes. Using the same method, the growth each group treated with nicotine and NNK in order to compare their attachment ability and growth rate was done. The Results are as follows. 1. In comparing the attachment ability and growth rate between the smoking and non-smoking group were significantly higher in all time intervals. 2. When the attachment ability was com-pared among these two groups after treatment with nicotine and NNK, the non-smoking group showed decrease in attachment ability while the smoking group was not affected. 3. The growth rate of these two groups were compared after treating with nicotine and NNK. The growth rate of fibroblast from the non-smoking group decreased while fibroblast from the smoking group was not affected. These results suggest that fibroblast from the non-smoking group showed higher attachment ability, growth rate, and sensitivity to nicotine and NNK. This implies that fibroblast from the non-smoking group is a more reliable source in testing the cytotoxicity of nicotine and NNK. Also it could be reasonable to think that nicotine and NNK is a probable cause for problems in attachment and repair mechanism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1073-1079
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a smoking cessation program on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependence and the self-efficacy of smoking cessation for smoking workers. Methods: The total number of subjects was 38 smokers and was divided into two: 16 smokers were placed in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The smoking cessation program consisted of two sessions and was implemented for two hours daily for five days. Data was analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 11.0 program with $X^2-test$, t-test or Mann-Whitney U and ANCOVA. Results: After the treatment, those belonging to the experimental group showed a significantly decreased amount of smoking, a decreased nicotine dependency and increased self-efficacy compared to the control group. Conclusion: The smoking cessation program was effective for diminishing the amount of smoking, decreasing nicotine dependence and improving self-efficacy. Therefore, this program is recommended as a smoking cessation strategy for adult smokers.