• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

Metal-metal oxide (M-M oxide) cermet solar selective coatings with a double cermet layer film structure were deposited on the Al-deposited glass substrate by using a directed current (DC) magnetron sputtering technology. M oxide (CrO and ZrO) was used as the ceramic component in the cermets, and Cr and Zr used as the metallic components. In addition, black Cr (Cr-$Cr_2O_3$ cermet) solar selective coatings were deposited on the Ni-plated Cu substrate by using a electroplating method for comparison. The thermal stability tests were carried out for performance evaluation of solar coatings. Reflectance measurements were used to evaluate both solar absorptance(${\alpha}$) and thermal emittance (${\epsilon}$) of the solar coatings before and after thermal testing by using a spectrometer. Optical properties of optimized cermet solar coatings were ${\alpha}{\simeq}0.94-0.96$ and ${\epsilon}{\simeq}0.1$ ($100^{\circ}C$). The results of thermal stability test of M-M oxide solar coatings showed that the Cr-CrO cermet solar selective coatings were more stable than the Zr-ZrO cermet selective coatings at temperature of both $400^{\circ}C$ in air and $450^{\circ}C$ in vacuum. The black Cr solar selective coatings were degraded in air at temperature of $400^{\circ}C$. The main optical degradation modes of these coatings were diffusion of metal atoms, and oxidation.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2001

DC 마그네트론 방식으로 제조한 PtMn계 상부층형(top) 스핀밸브 박막을 반강자성층인 PtM의 fcc (111) 구조에서 fat (111)구조 천이를 위하여 27$0^{\circ}C$에서 3 kOe의 외부자장을 가해주면서 일차적인 열처리를 한 후, 이차적으로 무자장 열처리를 하여 상온에서 자기적 특성을 조사하였다. Si/A1$_2$O$_3$ (500$\AA$)/Ta(50$\AA$)NiFe(40$\AA$)/CoFe(17$\AA$)/Cu(28$\AA$)/CoFe (30$\AA$)PtMn(200$\AA$)Ta(50$\AA$) top 스핀밸브 시료에서 자기저항비를 조사한 결과 열처리 온도가 높아질수록 자기저항비가 완만히 감소하나 325 $^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 급격히 감소하여 1 %까지 감소하는 것을 확인하였으며, 이것은 열처리 온도가 높아질수록 반강자성층과 피고정층사이의 교환 결합력이 약해지는 것에 기인하는 것으로 판단하였다. 열처리 온도 증가에 따른 교환 바이어스 자장은 325 $^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 급격히 감소하였고, 고정층과 자유층사이의 상호 결합 세기(interlayer coupling field, $H_{int}$)는 $325^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 크게 증가하였는데, 이것은 열처리 온도가 증가함에 다라 Mn의 상호 확산(inter-diffusion)dl 증가하여 계면에서의 거칠기(roughness)가 커지기 때문이라고 생각하였다. 이와 같은 결과에서 PtMn 스핀밸브의 급격한 자기적 특성변화가 일어나는 열처리 온도가 PtMn계 스핀밸브 박막의 블로킹 온도(blocking temperature, $T_b$)와 잘 일치함을 호가인할 수 있었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2023

최근 탄소중립을 위한 청정에너지로 주목받고 있는 수소는 기존에 화석연료의 수증기 개질 반응을 통한 생산에 의존해왔다. 하지만, 이산화탄소의 방출로 인한 한계가 있어 바이오매스 유래 바이오오일의 수증기 개질 반응이 대안으로 제안되고 있다. 바이오오일의 큰 분자량과 다양한 작용기를 가진 탄화수소들이 섞여 있는 복잡성으로 인해 Ni/Al₂O₃ 개질 촉매의 비활성화되는 문제가 발생해 니켈계 촉매의 개선이 필요하다. 본 총설에서는 바이오오일의 수증기 개질 반응에 이용되는 니켈계 촉매의 개선을 활성상, 담체 및 조촉매의 관점에서 정리했다. 활성상은 고분자의 탄화수소들의 C-C, C-H 결합을 끊어 분해 및 전환하고, 귀금속 및 전이금속이 활용될 수 있다. 담체 및 조촉매는 격자산소를 이용하거나 산점을 억제해 촉매의 비활성화의 주요원인인 탄소 침적을 억제하는 방식으로 촉매를 개선할 수 있다. 바이오오일에 기반한 청정수소 생산에 있어 우수한 성능의 개질 촉매 개발은 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.701-717
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to extensively estimate the air quality trends of the study area by surveying con-centration trends in months or seasons, after analyzing the mass concentration of PM-10 samples and the inorganic lements, ion, and total carbon in PM-10. Also, the study introduced to apply the PMF (Positive Matrix Factoriza-tion) model that is useful when absence of the source profile. Thus the model was thought to be suitable in Korea that often has few information about pollution sources. After obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources at the study area were qualitatively identified The PM-10 particles collected on quartz fiber filters by a PM-10 high-vol air sampler for 3 years (Mar. 1999∼Dec.2001) in Kyung Hee University. The 25 chemical species (Al, Mn, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, Ce, Pb, Si, N $a^{#}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, TC) were analyzed by ICP-AES, IC, and EA after executing proper pre - treatments of each sample filter. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols. the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided source profiles (scaled F matrix). So, 11 sources were qualitatively identified, such as secondary aerosol related source, soil related source, waste incineration source, field burning source, fossil fuel combustion source, industry related source, motor vehicle source, oil/coal combustion source, non-ferrous metal source, and aged sea- salt source, respectively.ively.y.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.111-125
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• 1998

Dispersion, migration and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Samkwang Au-Ag mine area were investigated based upon major, minor and rare earth element geochemistry. The Samkwang mine area composed mainly of Precambrian granitic gneiss. The mine had been mined for gold and silver, but closed in 1996. According to the X-ray powder diffraction, mineral composition of stream sediments and soils were partly variable mineralogy, which are composed of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, amphibole, muscovite, biotite and chlorite, respectively. Major element variations of the host granitic gneiss, stream sediments and soils of mining and non-mining drainage, indicate that those compositions are decrese $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and LOI with increasing $SiO_2$ respectively. Average compositional ranges (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements within those samples are revealed as As=<2-4500, Cd=<1-24, Cu=6-117, Sb=1-29, Pb=17-1377 and Zn=32-938, which are extremely high concentrations of sediments from the mining drainage (As=2006, Cd=l1, Cu=71, Pb=587 and Zn=481 ppm, respectively) than concentrations of the other samples and host granitic gneiss. Major elements (average enrichment index=6.53) in all samples are mostly enriched, excepting $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$, normalized by composition of host granitic gneiss. Rare earth element (average enrichment index=2.34) are enriched with the sediments from the mining drainage. Minor and/or environmental toxic elements within all samples on the basis of host rock were strongly enriched of all elements (especially As, Br, Cu, Pb and Zn), excepting Ba, Cr, Rb and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in all samples is 15.55 (sediments of mining drainage=37.33). Potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) of the samples revealed that average enrichment index is 46.10 (sediments of mining drainage=80.20, sediments of nonmining drainage=5.35, sediments of confluent drainage=20.22, subsurface soils of mining drainage=7.97 and subsurface soils of non-mining drainage=4.15). Sediments and soils of highly concentrated toxic elements are contained some pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and goethite.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.458-464
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• 2006

팔라듐 합금 복합막의 제조는 니켈 분말과 무기화합물의 혼합물로 개질된 튜브형 다공성 스테인레스 스틸 지지체 표면 위에 무전해 도금법(elctroless plating technique)에 의해 팔라듐 - 니켈 - 은을 박막으로 도금하는 형태로 이루어졌다. 일반적인 다공성 금속 지지체는 기공이 크기 때문에 그 자체로서 도금에 적합한 지지층이 되기가 어렵고, 결함이 없는 팔라듐 복합막의 제조가 쉽지 않아 본 연구에서는 금속 지지체와 팔라듐 사이에 중간층(intermediate layer)을 형성하여 이와 같은 문제점을 극복하고자 하였다. 중간층의 소재인 실리카 졸, 알루미나 졸, 이산화티타늄 졸 등의 무기화합물과 니켈 분말의 혼합물로 다공성 금속 지지체 위에 코팅하여 박막을 형성하고 제조 조건에 따른 질소 투과도를 측정하고 비교하였다. SEM 분석법에 의해 니켈과 무기화합물 혼합물의 표면층의 형성 모습도 측정하였다. 제조된 중간층 가운데 이산화티타늄 졸과 니켈의 혼합물이 가장 낮은 질소 투과도와 치밀한 표면층을 나타내었다. 최종적으로 니켈과 실리카의 혼합 중간층으로 이루어진 팔라듐-니켈-은 합금 복합막을 제조하고 수소와 질소의 투과도를 측정하였다. 1기압 이하에서 질소에 대한 수소 선택도는 무한대였으며 수소투과 속도는 1 기압, $500^{\circ}C$에서 $1.39{\times}10^{-2}mol/m^2{\cdot}s$의 값을 나타냈다.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.469-484
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• 2022

장군 연-아연 광상은 남한의 4대(연화 광상, 신예미 광상, 울진 광상) 연-아연 광상중의 하나이었다. 이 광상 지질은 선캠브리아기의 원남층, 율리층군, 캠브리안기내지 오도비스기의 장산규암층, 두음리층, 장군 석회암층, 석탄기내지 이엽기의 동수곡층, 재산층, 쥐라기의 동화지층 및 이들을 관입한 중생대의 춘양화강암류로 구성된다. 이 연-아연 광상은 고생대 캠브리안기내지 오도비스기의 장군석회암층에 배태되는 열수교대형 광상에 해당된다. 이 광상의 연-아연 광화작용과 관련된 모암변질작용은 주로 능망간석화작용과 돌로마이트화 작용이 관찰되나 황철석화작용, 견운모화작용 및 녹니석화작용 등도 관찰된다. 모암변질작용은 연-아연 광체 에서 모암으로 감에 따라 연-아연 광체 -> 능망간석대 -> 돌로마이트대 -> 돌로마이트질 석회암대 -> 석회암 및 돌로마이트 대리암 변화된다. 백색운모는 모암변질대(능망간석화작용과 돌로마이트화작용)에서 Ca-돌로마이트, Ferroan ankerite, sideroplesite, 금홍석, 인회석, 유비철석, 황철석, 섬아연석, 방연석, 석영, 녹니석 및 방해석 등과 함께 중립내지 세립질 입단으로 산출된다. 이 백색운모의 화학조성은(K_0.77-0.62Na_0.03-0.00Ca_0.03-0.00Ba_0.00Sr_0.01)_0.82-0.64(Al_1.72-1.48Mg_0.48-0.20Fe_0.04-0.01Mn_0.03-0.00Ti_0.01-0.00Cr_{0.00As0.01-0.00}Co_0.03-0.00Zn_0.03-0.00Pb_0.05-0.00Ni_0.01-0.00)_2.07-1.92 (Si_3.43-3.33Al_0.67-0.57)_4.00O₁₀(OH_1.94-1.80F_0.20-0.06)_2.00로써 이론적인 이중팔면체형 운모류 값보다 Si가 높고 K, Na, Ca는 낮다. 또한 장군 연-아연 광상, 연화1 연-아연 광상 및 백전 금-은 광상의 모암변질대와 구문소일대 석회암에서 산출되는 백색운모는 백운모와 팬자이트에 해당되나 둔전 금-은 광상의 모암변질대에서 산출되는 백색운모는 백운모에 해당된다. 더불어 이들 광상의 모암변질대 및 구문소일대 석회암에서 산출되는 백색운모의 화학조성 변화는 주로 팬자이틱 또는 Tschermark 치환 메카니즘(장군 연-아연 광상), 주로 팬자이틱 또는 Tschermark 치환과 일부 illitic 치환 메카니즘(연화1 연-아연 광상, 둔전 금-은 광상, 백전 금-은 광상) 및 주로 팬자이틱 또는 Tschermark 치환과 일부 illitic 치환 및 Na⁺ <-> K⁺ 치환 메카니즘(구문소일대)에 의해 일어났음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.144-156
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• 1999

Thermal Barrier Coating with Functional Gradient Materials (FGM-TBC) can play an important role to protect the parts from harmful environments in high temperatures such as oxidation, corrosion, and wear and to improve the efficiency of aircraft engine by lowering the surface temperature on turbine blade. FGM-TBC can increase the life spans of product and improve the operating properties. Therfore, in this study the evaluations of mechanical and thermal properties of FGM-TBC such as fatigue, oxidation and wear-resistance at high temperatures have been conducted. The samples of both the TBC with 2, 3, 5 layers (YSZ/NiCrAlY) to be produced by Air Plasma Spray method (APS) and the bulk TBC with 6 layers to be produced by Plasma Assisted Sintering method (PAS) were used. Furthermore, residual stress, bond strength, and thermal conductivity were evaluated. The average thickness of the APS was 500$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 600$\mu\textrm{m}$ and the average thickness of the PAS was 3mm. The hardness number of the top layer of APS was 750 Hv to 810Hv and that of PAS was 950 Hv to 1440Hv. The $ZrO_2$ coating layer of APS was composed of tetragonal structure after spraying as the result of XRD analysis. As shown in the results of the high temperature wear test, the 3 layer coating of APS had the best wear resistance at $800^{\circ}C$ and the 5 layer coating of APS had the best wear resistance at $600^{\circ}C$. But, these coatings had the tendency of the low-temperature softening at $300^{\circ}C$. The main mechanism of wear was the adhesive wear and the friction coefficient of coatings was increased as increasing the test temperatures. A s results of thermal conductivity test, the ${\Delta}T$ of the APS coating was increased as number of layer and the range of thermal conductivity of the PAS was $800^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

목초액 처리구와 비처리구를 나누고 여기에 상치의 두 종류, 적축면과 청치마로써 유기질 비료와 화학비료의 성분에 따라 재배한 상치내의 미량 원소 함량에 관한 연구에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 목초액 처리구와 비처리구에 있어서 상치내 미량 원소 함량을 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. 상치내 Cr, Ni, Pb, Al등의 함량은 유기질 비료와 무기질 비료의 함량에 의해서 크게 변하지는 않았다. 3. 상치내 Hg 함량이 모든 실험구에서 검출되지 않았다. 4. Cd의 상치내 함량은 유기질비료가 많으면 많을수록 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.611-631
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• 1999

Enviromental geochemisty and heary metal contamination at the Kongjueil mine creek were underaken on the basis of physicohemical properties and mineralogy for various kinds of water (surface, mine and ground water),soil, precipitate and sediment collected of April and December in 1998. Hydrgeochemical composition of the water samples are characterized by relatively significant enricant of Ca+Na, alkiali ions $NO_3$ and Cl inground and surfore water, wheras the mine waters are relatively eneripheral water of the mining creek have the characteristics of the (Ca+Mg)-$(HCO_3+SO_4)$type. The pH of the mine water is high acidity (3.24)and high EC (613$\mu$S/cm)compared with those of surface and ground water. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta^{18}O$ values (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shpwn in -50.2 to -61.6% and -7.0 to -8.6$\textperthousand$(d value=5.8 to 8.7). Using computer program, saturation index of albite, calcite, dolomite in mine water are nearly saturated. The gibbiste, kaolinite and smectite are superaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that weathing of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite owing to the continuous water-rock reaction. Geochemical modeling showed that mostly toxic heavy metals may exist larfely in the from of metal-sulfate $(MSO_4\;^2)$and free metal $(M^{2+})$ in nmine water. These metals in the ground and surface water could be formed of $CO_3$ and OH complex ions. The average enrichment indices of water samples are 2.72 of the groundwater, 2.26 of the surface water and 14.15 of the acid mine water, normalizing by surface water composition at the non-mining creek, repectively. Characteristics of some major, minor and rate earth elements (Al/Na, K/Na, V/Ni, Cr/V, Ni/Co, La/Ce, Th/Yb, $La_N/Yb_N$, Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th) in soil and sediment are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by acidic to intermediate igneous rocks. And these suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss colud be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Maximum concentrations of environmentally toxic elements in sediment and soil are Fe=53.80 wt.% As=660, Cd=4, Cr=175, Cu=158, Mn=1010, Pb=2933, Sb=4 and Zn=3740 ppm, and extremely high concentrations are found are found in the subsurface soil near the ore dump and precipitates. Normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, the average enerichment indices are 3.72 of the sediments, 3.48 of the soils, 10.40 of the precipitates of acid mine drainage and 6.25 of the soils near the main adit. The level of enerichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. mineral composition of soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. reddish variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. Reddish brown precipitation mineral in the acid mine drainage identifies by schwertmanite. From the separated mineralgy, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various kinds of hydroxied minerals.