• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 1998

This paper is to investigate of microhardness, adhesive strength, tensile strength, and fatigue strength of ceramic sprayed steel. Rotary bending fatigue tests have been conducted at room temperature in air and 3% NaCl solution using specimens of carbon steel(S45C) with sprayed coating layers of Ni-4.5% Al(under coating) and $TiO_2$ (top coating). The microhardness has been improved at $800^{\circ}C$ heat treatment and 150mm spraying distance. Tensile strength of the sprayed steel is dependent on the substrate strength. The fatigue strength of the sprayed steel is larger than that of substrate due to blasting and constraint surface of plastic deformation effect. In low stress level, the corrosion fatigue strength of the sprayed steel were lower than that of fatigue strength in air by corrosion.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-131
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• 1998

The migmatitic gneiss in the Odesan Gneiss Complex has small amount of quartzite, amphibolite and marble and the Kuryong Group which contact with migmatitic gneiss unconformitly, also contains some amphibolite. Preview studies of this area had regarded that the amphibolites contact with marble had been produced by metasomatism from the pelitic and calcareous sediments mixtures, but the amphibolite is reinterpreted as igneous origin. $SiO_2$ content of the amphibolite is 45.9~52.7 wt%, which corresponds to basaltic composition. MgO content has narrow range (4.6~6.87 wt%) and major and trace element are plotted against MgO,$TiO_2, P_2O_5$, Hf, Zr are reduced and Cr and Ni are increased their content with increasing MgO. This phenomenon indicates that the basaltic magma as the protolith of the amphibolite had frationated with the crystallization of the pyroxene and/or olivine. REE pattern has smoothly decrease from LREE to HREE. Eu/Eu(0.83~1.19) show the flat Eu anomaly, which indicate small fractional crystallization of plagioclase. HREE is enriched in the garnet-bearing amphibolites. Several discrimination diagram for the basaltic magma show that the amphibolite of the study area is originated tholeiitic basaltic magma indicating continental rift environment. Due to determine the metamorphic condition garnet-hornblende geothermometry and hornblende-plagioclase geobarometry are used. Peak metamorphic temperature range of the amphibolite $788~870^{\circ}C$ and is deduced toward the northeastern part. The calculated temperature from the amphibolite has slightly higher than the temperature of the metapelites but the trend of metamorphic grade which decrease from western to eastern part progradly is similar to each other. The metamorphic pressure calculated by garnet- hornblede-plagioclase geobarometry is 4~5kb. But ilmenite-plagioclase pair enclosed in garnet show 8 kb at $700^{\circ}C$ by garnet-ilmenite-rutile-plagioclase geobarometery. The zonal profile of garnet in sample 84 shows the bell-shape profile, which grossular content decreases whereas pyrope content increases progressively. This means that the amphibolite has undergone the clockwise P-T-t path which is shown in the migmatitic gneiss of the Odesan Gneiss Complex.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.394-408
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• 2002

Nanostructured high strength metastable Al-, Mg- and Ti-based alloys containing different amorphous, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline phases are synthesized by non-equilibrium processing techniques. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy techniques. This paper focuses on one hand on mechanically alloyed and ball milled powders containing different volume fractions of amorphous or nano-(quasi)crystalline phases, consolidated bulk specimens and, on the other hand. on cast specimens containing different constituent phases with different length-scale. As one example. $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$- based metallic glass matrix composites are produced by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures containing up to 30 vol.% $Y_2O_3$ particles. The comparison with the particle-free metallic glass reveals that the nanosized second phase oxide particles do not significantly affect the glass-forming ability upon mechanical alloying despite some limited particle dissolution. A supercooled liquid region with an extension of about 50 K can be maintained in the presence of the oxides. The distinct viscosity decrease in the supercooled liquid regime allows to consolidate the powders into bulk samples by uniaxial hot pressing. The $Y_2O_3$ additions increase the mechanical strength of the composites compared to the $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$ metallic glass. The second example deals with Al-Mn-Ce and Al-Cu-Fe composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcements, which are prepared by quenching from the melt and by powder metallurgy. $Al_{98-x}Mn_xCe_2$ (x =5,6,7) melt-spun ribbons containing a major quasicrystalline phase coexisting with an Al-matrix on a nanometer scale are pulverized by ball milling. The powders are consolidated by hot extrusion. Grain growth during consolidation causes the formation of a micrometer-scale microstructure. Mechanical alloying of $Al_{63}Cu_{25}Fe_{12}$ leads to single-phase quasicrystalline powders. which are blended with different volume fractions of pure Al-powder and hot extruded forming $Al_{100-x}$$(Al_{0.63}Cu_{0.25}Fe_{0.12})_x$ (x = 40,50,60,80) micrometer-scale composites. Compression test data reveal a high yield strength of ${\sigma}_y{\geq}$700 MPa and a ductility of ${\varepsilon}_{pl}{\geq}$5% for than the Al-Mn-Ce bulk samples. The strength level of the Al-Cu-Fe alloys is ${\sigma}_y{\leq}$550 MPa significantly lower. By the addition of different amounts of aluminum, the mechanical properties can be tuned to a wide range. Finally, a bulk metallic glass-forming Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn alloy with in situ formed composite microstructure prepared by both centrifugal and injection casting presents more than 6% plastic strain under compressive stress at room temperature. The in situ formed composite contains dendritic hcp Ti solid solution precipitates and a few $Ti_3Sn,\;{\beta}$-(Cu, Sn) grains dispersed in a glassy matrix. The composite micro- structure can avoid the development of the highly localized shear bands typical for the room temperature defor-mation of monolithic glasses. Instead, widely developed shear bands with evident protuberance are observed. resulting in significant yielding and homogeneous plastic deformation over the entire sample.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 1992

Several pyrophyllite deposits occur around the Milyang area where Cretaceous andesitic rocks and spatially related granitic rocks are widely distributed. Pyrophyllite ores consist mainly of pyrophyllite, and quartz with small amount of sericite, pyrite, dumortierite, and diaspore. The andesitic rocks and spatially related granitic rocks in this area suggest that they could be formed from the same series of a calc-alkaline magma series. The contents of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, LOI(loss on ignition) are enriched, and $K_2O$, $Na_2O$, CaO, MgO, $Fe_2O_3$ are depleted in altered andesitic rocks and ores. Enrichment of As, Cr, Sr, V, Sb and depletion of Ba, Cs, Ni, Rb, U, Y, Co, Sc, Zn are characteristic during mineralization. The pyrophyllite ores can be discriminated from the altered-and unaltered wall-rocks by an increasing of $(La/Lu)_{cn}$ from 4.18~22.13 to 8.98~55.05. In R-mode cluster analysis, Yb-Lu-Y, La-Ce-Hf-Th-U-Zr, $TiO_2-V-Al_2O_3$, Sm-Eu, $CaO-Na_2O-MnO$, Cu-Zn-Ag, $K_2O-Rb$ are closely correlated. In the discriminant analysis of multi-element data, $P_2O_5$, As, Cr and $Fe_2O_3$, Sr are helpful to identify the ores from the unaltered-and altered wall-rocks. In the factor analysis, the factors of alteration of andesitic rocks and ore mineralization were extracted. In the change of ions per unit volume, $SiO_2$, $Al^{3+}$ and LOI are enriched and $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ are depleted during the alteration processes. The Milyang and the Sungjin pyrophyllite deposits could be mineralized by hydrothermal alteration in a geochemical condition of low activity ratio of alkaline ions to hydrogen ion with reference to spatially related granitic rocks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2008

강유전성 세라믹스 재료로써는 PZT계열의 세라믹재료가 널리 쓰이고 있다. 이는 우수한 유전 및 압전특성을 가지고 있으나, PbO을 다량 함유하고 있어 $1000^{\circ}C$이상에서 PbO가 급격하게 휘발되는 성질 때문에 조성의 변동이 생겨 재현성이 어려우며 이를 방지하기 위하여 PbO를 과잉 첨가시키기 때문에 PbO휘발로 인한 강한 독성이 인체에 유해하고, 비환경 친화적인 물질로 최근에는 환경문제가 대두됨에 따라 대체 또는 보완 할 수 있는 방안에 검토되고 있다. 본 연구는 그 해결책의 한 방안으로 압전특성이 우수한 $(Pb_{0.94}Sr_{0.06})[(Ni_{1/2}W_{1/2})_{0.02}(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})_{0.07}(Zr_{0.51}Ti_{0.49})_{0.91}]O_3$계 조성을 설계하고 Glass frit(0~1.1 wt%)를 소량 첨가하여 액상 소결 특성을 부여하고 $1000^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저온에서 소결하여 유전 및 압전 특성을 평가하였다. 실험방법은 일반적인 세라믹스 제조공정으로 24시간 ball milling하고 $850^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 하소 후 Glass frit를 소결조제로 소랑 첨가하여 $1000^{\circ}C$ 이하 온도에서 소결을 진행하여 각 소결온도에 따른 유전 및 압전 특성을 평가하였다. 최종 소결된 시편의 밀도와 수축율을 분석하여 최적의 소결온도를 확립하였으며 XRD분석을 통해 perovskite구조를 확인하고 미세구조확인을 위해 SEM으로 관찰하였다. 압전 특성을 평가하였다.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1992.05b
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• pp.26-27
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• 1992

The effect of activation and electroless nickel plating conditions on contact properties were investigated for selective electroless nickel plating of Si farers in order to obtain an optimum condition of contact hole filling. According to RCA prosess, p-type si 1 icon (100) surface was cleaned out and activated. The effects of temperture, DMAB concentration, time, and stirring iwere investigated for activation of p-type Si(100) surface. The optimal activation condition obtained was 0.5M HF, 1mM PdCl$_2$, 2mM EDTA, 7$0^{\circ}C$, 90sec under ultrasonic vibration. In electroless nickel plating, the effect of temperature, DMAB concentration, pH, and plating ti me were studied. The optimal plating condition found was 0. 10M NiS0$_4$.$H_2O$, 0.lIM Citrate, pH 6.8, 6$0^{\circ}C$, 30 minutes. The contact resistence of fi]ms wascomparatively low. It took 30 minutes to obtain 1$\mu$m thick film with 8$\mu$M DMAB concentration. The film surface roughness was improved with increasing temperature and decreasing pH of the plating solution. The best quality of the film was obtained with the condition of temperature 6$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.8. The micro-victors hardness of film was about 600Hv and was decreased wi th increasing particle size of plating layer.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.359-367
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• 2023

The localized corrosion resistance of the Ni-based Inconel 718 alloy after solution heat treatment was evaluated using electrochemical techniques in a solution of 25 wt% NaCl and 0.5 wt% acetic acid. Solution heat treatment at 1050 ℃ for 2.5 hours resulted in an increased average grain diameter. Both Ti carbides (10 ㎛ diameter) and Nb-Mo carbides (1 - 9 ㎛ diameter) were distributed throughout the material. Despite heat treatment, the shape and composition of these carbides remained consistent. An increase in solution temperature led to a decrease in pitting potential value. However, the pitting potential value of solution heat-treated Inconel 718 was consistently higher than that of as-received Inconel 718 at all tested temperatures. Localized corrosion initiation occurred at 0.4 V_SSE in a temperature environment of 80 ℃ for both as-received and solution heat-treated Inconel 718 alloys. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis indicated that the composition of the passive film formed on specimen surfaces remained largely unchanged after solution heat treatment, with O1s, Cr2p_3/2, Fe2p_3/2, and Ni2p_3/2 present. The difference in localized corrosion resistance between as-received and solution heat-treated Inconel 718 alloys was attributable to microstructural changes induced by the heat treatment process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2016

In this work, [$Pb(Mg_{1/2}W_{1/2})_{0.03}(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})_x(Zr_{0.5}Ti_{0.5})_{0.97-x}O_3-BiFeO_3$] (x=0.02 to 0.12) composition ceramics were fabricated by the conventional soild state reaction method and their microstructure and piezoelectric properties were investigated according to PNN substitution. The addition of small amount of $BiFeO_3$, $Li_2CO_3$, and $CaCO_3$ were used in order to decrease the sintering temperature of the ceramics. The XRD (x-ray diffraction patterns) of all ceramics exhibited a perovskite structure. The sinterability of PMW-PNN-PZT-BF ceramics was remarkably improved using liquid phase sintering of $CaCO_3$, $Li_2CO_3$. However, it was identified from of the X-ray diffraction patterns that the secondary phase formed in grain boundaries decreased the piezoelectric properties. According to the substitution of PNN, the crystal structure of ceramics is transformed gradually from a tetragonal to rhombohedral phase. The x=0.10 mol PNN-substituted PMW-PNN-PZT-BF ceramics sintered at $920^{\circ}C$ showed the optimum values of piezoelectric constant($d_{33}$), piezoelectric figure of merit($d_{33{\cdot}}g_{33}$), planar piezoelectric coupling coefficient($k_p$) and density : $d_{33}=566$ [pC/N], $g_{33}=29.28[10^{-3}mV/N]$, $d_{33{\cdot}}g_{33}=16.57[pm^2/N]$, $k_p=0.61$, density=7.82 [$g/cm^3$], suitable for duplex ultrasonic sensor application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.325-325
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• 2008

스크린 프린팅에 의한 압전 후막은 MEMS 공정을 이용하여 마이크로 펌프, 마이크로 벨브, 마이크로 센서, 마이크로 로봇 등 여러 초소형 기계부품에 응용되고 있으며, Sol-Gel, PLD를 이용해 증착된 막 등에 비해 수십${\mu}m$의 비교적 두꺼운 막을 형성시킬 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 실리콘 기판을 사용하여 스크린 프린팅으로 형성된 압전 후막의 경우, 공정상 바인더를 연소시키는 과정을 거치게 되므로, 밀집된(Dense) 구조를 가지는 막을 만들기가 어렵다. 이로 인해 스크린 프린팅에 의한 후막은 전기적 특성 및 기계적 특성이 떨어지는 경향이 있다. 본 연구에서는 스크린 프린팅에 의한 압전 후막의 밀집된 구조 및 특성을 향상시키기 위해 0.01Pb$(Mg_{1/2}W_{1/2})$O3-0.41Pb$(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-0.35PbTiO_3-0.23PbZrO_3$의 powder와 Attrition 밀링 처리된 powder를 비율별로 혼합하여 입자의 크기를 변화시켜 막의 충진 밀도를 향상시켰으며, 열처리 효과를 극대화시키기 위해 RTA(Rapidly Thermal Annealing)를 통해 열처리 하였다. Attrition 밀링에 의한 파우더를 각각 비율별로 100%, 50%, 25%로 혼합하여 만든 압전 세라믹 페이스트는 P-type(100)Si Wafer sample 위에 $1{\mu}m$의 하부전극용($1100^{\circ}C$) Ag 전극을 screen print하여 소결했다. 그리고 다시 전극이 형성된 Si wafer 위에 스크린 프린팅하고, 건조 한 후 RTA로 300초 동안 열처리 한 결과 밀집된 구조를 가지는 압전 후막을 제작 수 있었다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.766-774
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• 2000

The major and trace constituents of Mongolian chromite were analyzed by ICP-AES. The dissolution procedures, mixed acid ($HClO_4+H_3PO_4$) digestion and fusion with $Na_2O_2$ flux, have been studied to dissolve the chromite. The optimum dissolution method was found to be a fusion with $Na_2O_2$ flux. The effect of large amount of Na on major and trace constituents was examined when these elements were determined by ICP-AES. There was no effect on major elements at a concentration of Na 250 mg/L solution. The emission intensity of trace constituents containing Na 1,250 mg/L decreased to 1.0-5.2% according to elements and wavelengths. The result of this method was compared with that of neutron activation analysis (NAA) to confirm the accuracy of this procedure. The results between two methods were in a good agreement within less than 5% for $Al_2O_3$, $Cr_2O_3$, MgO and -20 to 8% for Co, Mn, V, Zn, respectively.