• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

The production of surf clam, Mactra veneriformis, an important fishery resource in Korea, has recently been decreasing. This study was carried out to examine effects of spawning on immune functions of this species. Total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity, neutral red retention (NRR) time and antibacterial activity were assessed. Spawned clams showed reduction in THC, PO, phagocytic activity and NRR times compared with unspawned ones. While spawning event did not elicit any change of antibacterial activity in both spawned and unspawned ones. This study indicates that spawning process decreases immune functions in the surf clams which could cause mortality increment and yield reduction.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.119-129
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• 1992

Present study was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of cadmium, chromium and mercury on cultured rat fibroblasts. The colorimetric assays of neutral red (NR) and tetrazolium MTT, the measurement of total content of protein and electron microscopic studies were performed on the fibroblasts cultured in the media containing various concentrations of cadmium, chromium and mercury. The results are as follows' 1. In cadmium-treated group, the NR and MTT values were dose-dependent increase. The NR90, NR50, MTT90 and MTT50 values of cadmium were 0.2mM, 19.5mM 1.0mM and 60.0mM, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of color stimuli on the grip power and the pinch power. Methods : For this experimental study, total 59 healthy college students, who were divided into Red color group and Green color group. Each group was assessed before and after color stimuli(10minutes). Subjects were for using standardized positioning with shoulder adducted and neutrally rotated, elbow flexed at 90 degree and the forearm and wrist in neutral position. Results : All the two groups showed significant differences in the variation of grip power and pinch power under color stimuli(P>.05) but there was no significant variation in grip power and pinch power among groups. Conclusion : This study precedes following study which is focused on the proposal of suitable or appropriate color circumstance for treatment room. Further studies are need with more subjects on long-term outcome.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.115-118
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• 1996

The study on the cytotoxicities of heavy metals, metal-metal and metal-chelator combinations was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of those on mouse L929 fibroblasts. The colorimetric assays (NR and MTT) were conveniently carried out in 96-well microtiter plates. The rank order was Cd > Zn Ni > Cr(III) for the heavy metals tested. Examination of the effect of metal-metal interaction on cytotoxicity showed a moderate reduction of cadmium toxicity by zinc. The colorimetric assays were also effectively used to investigate the effect of the chelators, ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and chitosan. Reduction of heavy metal toxixity by chelator was efficient.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to assess a possible alternative method as replacement for in vivo phototoxicity test. The 3T3 mouse fibroblast neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay (3T3 NRU PT assay) is a screening method for studying DNA or cellular damage. Photohemolysis assay is a mechanistic study for investigating oxygen-dependent membrane damage.(omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 2005

Intracellular trafficking of transferrin-conjugated dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide liposome $(T_f-liposome)/DNA$ complexes in HeLa cells was studied using the double-labeled fluorescence technique and confocal microscopy. The size of the $T_f-liposome/DNA$ complex was about 367 nm in diameter and the zeta-potential of it at a 5:1 (w/w) ratio was almost neutral. The intracellular pathway of the $T_f-liposome/DNA$ complex, noted as green (FITC), red (rhodamine) or yellow (FITC + rhodamine) fluorescence, was elucidated from the plasma membrane to the endosome (or lysosome), and finally to the nucleus. The results of this study indicate that plasmid DNA enters into the nucleus not only as a free form but as an associated form complexed with $T_f-liposome$. More interestingly, the $T_f-liposome$ undergoes a nuclear location in the form of ordered structures. This could be a very useful piece of information in designing a safe and advanced gene delivery system.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.125-134
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics and images of colors in the stewardess's uniforms. For this study, 530 color samples were selected by extracting digital color data by using the Eyedropper Tool of Photoshop 7.0. The RGB color data were transformed into H V/C and the attributes of colors and tones were analyzed. The color images were analyzed with the color image scales of IRI and Shigenobu Kobayashi. As a results, purple-blue(21.7%), neutral(20.9%), red(17.9%) and yellow(10.8%) were found to be the most frequently used colors. In the tone analysis, vivid tone(18.7%) occupied high frequency and the next orders were white(17.4%), dark grayish(12.8%), light(8.5%), dark(8.1%). The color images were focused on dynamic, modern, casual, gorgeous, classic, elegance images in the color image scales of IRI and Kobayashi.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.229-234
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• 1995

This study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cadmium on 3T3 fibroblast and to develop the antidote on 3T3 fibroblast which was injuried by $IC_{50}$ of cadmium. The groups for repaired effects were divided into 7 groups such as medium alone treated group. Cadmium treated $IC_{50}$ groups and 5 experimental groups $(IC_{50}$ cadmium plus $10^{-4}$ concentration of each methanol fraction). After incubation for 48 hrs in the same conditions, MTT (tetrazolium MTT), NR (neutral red) and SRB (sulforhodamine B protein) assay were measured. Light microscopic observations were also investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of Perilla frutescens showed significantly repaired effect against cadmium cytotoxiclty and this fraction inhibited critical cell regeneration in light microscopy.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.198-203
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• 1998

In the present study, we have evaluated cytotoxic effects of Taraxaci herba extract on human skin melanoma cells. The light microscopic study showed morphological changes of the treated cells. Disruptions in cell organelles were determined by calorimetric methods: MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide), NR (Neutral red) and SRB (Sulforhodamine B protein) assay. These results suggest that Taraxaci herba retains a potential antitumor activity.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.365-369
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• 1995

The acute cytotoxicities of chloroquine sulfate, propranolol, ascorbic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and acrylamide on cultured adult rat hepatocytes were evaluated by the use of LDH leakage and NR uptake test. On the basis of $IC_{50}$ values, the rank order of cytotoxicities of these drugs in both tests was chloroquine sulfate > propranolol > acetylsalicylic acid > ascorbic acid. The $IC_{50}$ of LDH test was very similar to that of NR uptake test. Thus, we concluded that both tests are reliable and sensitive methods in detecting toxicity in adult cultured rat hepatocytes.