• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.223-243
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• 2014

Objectives: To provide information on the safety of GST (GamiSasangja-tang; CnidiiFructus, Sophora Root, Angelica Gigas Root, Clematidis Radix, Stemonae Radix, Spirodelae Herba), we carried out a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity and a 4-week recovery test of GST in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Female and male rats were treated with GST at oral doses of 1,250, 2,500, and 5000 mg/kg. The GST was administered for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights and histological markers were monitored during the study period. The rats were then monitored for 4 extra weeks to determine recovery time after the study period. Results: We found no mortality or abnormalities among clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights or histological markers in any of the rats tested. Conclusions: The no-observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) is considered as over 5000 mg/kg for male and female rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.41-50
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• 2018

Objectives: The study is aimed to utilize Taesikbub and Lung-doyinbub described in "Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam" as a Korean Traditional Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise. Methods: We preliminary researched pulmonary rehabilitation exercise using domestic and international databases and old literatures of Korean Medicine. Then made a draft of Korean Traditional Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise based on "Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam". After organizing expert group for verifying the draft of the exercise, we developed the final Korean Traditional Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise. Results: The Korean Traditional Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise is composed of 5 actions including breathing method, flexibility exercise, percussion and hitting teeth. This exercise is recommended twice a day for at least 5 days per week under the supervision of specialist. It is expected to improve physical activity, dyspnea, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as well as psychiatric symptoms by breathing deep and slow and exercising the thorax and upper limb muscles. Conclusion: Taesikbub, Lung-doyinbub in "Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam" may be suggested as a better pulmonary rehabilitation exercise for patients of chronic lung disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.162-172
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of study was to report the clinical improvement of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients treated with Korean medicine pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods: The patients were treated with Lung-conduction exercise, Chuna manual therapy, Exercise therapy. To assess the treatment outcomes, we used the pulmonary function test (PFT), modified medical research council scale (mMRC), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), COPD assessment test (CAT), St. George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ). Results: After treatments, the patient's clinical symptoms were improved with CAT, SGRQ's significant decrease and PFT, mMRC, 6MWD and PEFR were maintained or improved slightly. Conclusions: The Korean medicine pulmonary rehabilitation was effective in the treatment of COPD patients. This study suggested the possibility of Korean Medicine pulmonary rehabilitation program in the clinic.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study is to make evidence-based data for developing a traditional Korean medicine clinical practice guideline for acute bronchitis. Methods: We searched 3 international databases(PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL) and 7 domestic databases (KoreaMed, Kmbase, NDSL, KISS, KISTI, OASIS, KoreaTK) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acute bronchitis using medicine in recent 10 years. The chosen trials were analyzed by their study design, age range, intervention group, control group, primary and second outcome measure, inclusion and exclusion of participants and adverse events. Results: 15 RCTs are finally included in this study and most of their medications are herbal medicine. For diagnosis and outcome measure of acute bronchitis, Bronchitis Severity Score(BSS) was mostly used. Other measurements eligible are coughing fits, quality of life scale, sputum viscosity, change of individual symptoms and patient's satisfaction. Test duration was for average 7days and safety assessment was held by recording adverse events. Except for anti-inflammatory and antibiotic trials, all medications are found to be effective and well-tolerated. General risk of bias of chosen trials is evaluated low. Conclusions: A well designed clinical trials for traditional Korean medicine of acute bronchitis is needed and this study is expected to make it available.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.7-36
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• 1996

Recebt neuropsychological studies on neurobiological bases of learning and memory in humans are reviewed. At present, cognitive psychologists belive that memory is not a unitary system. But copmosed of several independent subsystems. Adoption this perspective,this paper summarized findings regarding what kinds of memory discorders result from lesions of which brain areas and which brain areas are activated by what kind of learning/memory tasks. Short-term memory seems to involve widespread areas around the boundaries among the parietal,occipital,and temporal lobes,depending on the type of the type of the tasks and the way of presentation of the stimuli. Implicit memory,a subsystem of long-term memory,is not a unitary system itself. Thus,brain areas involved in implicit memory tasks used. It is well-known that medial temporal lobe is necessary for formation(i,e.,consolidation)of explicit memory,another subsystem of long-term memory. Storage and/or retrieval of episodic and semantic memory involve temporal neocortex. Perfromtal cortex seemas to be involved in several aspects of memory such as short term memory and retrieval of espisodic and semantic memory. Finally, a popular view on the locus of long-term memory storage is described.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2016

Objectives: To provide information on the safety of GST (Gami-Sasangja-tang), we carried out a single oral dose-increasing toxicity test of GST in beagle dogs.Materials and Methods: Six beagle dogs (three males and three females) were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental group: n=4, control group: n=2). The experimental group (two males, two females) was given oral doses of GST in increasing order (1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg) at three-day intervals. After administration, the participants’ mortality, clinical signs, and body weight changes were monitored for two weeks. After two weeks, all dogs were sacrificed for autopsy.Results: Temporary vomiting was observed according to increasing dosage (n=1, 250 mg/kg; n=4, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). Transient diarrhea was observed on the second and third dosing day (n=1, 2,500 mg/kg; n=2, 5,000 mg/kg). Temporary salivation was noted on the third dosing day (n=3, 5,000 mg/kg). Compound-colored stool was observed in all dogs fed the GST on all dosing days and also on the following days. We found no mortality and no abnormalities in the clinical signs, body weight, and gross findings in any of the dogs tested.Conclusions: The maximum tolerated dose was over 5,000 mg/kg for both male and female dogs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and four weeks repeated dose determination of Gamisasangja-tang (GST) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In the single oral toxicity study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0 and 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. After single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross pathological finding were observed for 14 days. In the 4-weeks repeated oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0, 1,250, 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption and gross pathological finding were observed for 28 days. Organ weight, clinical chemistry and hematology were tested after 28 days. Results : There was no mortality in either of the two studies. There were also no significant differences in clinical sign, body weight, organ weights, hematological or serum chemical parameters between the GST and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of GST is over 5,000 mg/kg, so this finding would be expected to provide scientific evidence for the safety of GST.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.621-629
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• 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of GST (Gamisasangja-tang). For examining genotoxicity, we carried out bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosome aberration assay, micronucleus induction test according to OECD guidelines. Bacterial reverse mutation assay: In GST treating group, regardless of existence S9 mix, revertant colonies counts appeared to be less than twice of negative control group and dose dependent increase. In positive control group, revertant colonies counts were shown to be more than twice of negative control croup. Chromosome aberration assay: All cell line showed repetition rate of abnormal chromosome aberration less than 5%, regardless of treating time, existence of S9 mix, and no significant change ($p{\succeq}0.05$) compared with negative control group. Micronucleus induction test: Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) repetition rate of Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) showed no significant changes compared with negative control group ($p{\succeq}0.05$). PCE portion of total erythrocytes also showed no significant changes ($p{\succeq}0.05$). Our results showed that GST didn't induce any genotoxicity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.171-179
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of study was to report the clinical improvement of late complications of COVID-19 patient complaining of dyspnea treated with Korean medicine pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods: To assess the treatment outcomes, we used the modified medical research council scale (mMRC), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), St. George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ). Results: After treatments, the patient's clinical symptoms were improved with mMRC, 6MWD, PEFR, and SGRQ. Conclusions: The Korean medicine pulmonary rehabilitation was effective in the treatment of late complications of COVID-19 patient. This study suggested the possibility of Korean Medicine pulmonary rehabilitation program in the clinic for late complications of COVID-19.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-177
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• 2008

Objectives : Headache is one of the most common symptom in primary medical care. The purpose of this research is to examine persisting effects of acupuncture treatment for CTTH. Methods : In this randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled study, we compared active acupuncture with sham acupuncture method for the treatment of chronic tension-type headache. Volunteers who satisfied the requirements were enrolled in study. Evaluation of CTTH was measured by VAS, and Headache Disability Inventory(HDI), Six point Likert Scale, Algometer score(Rt, Lt) before and after treatments. Results : 32 subjects finished study. There were no difference between two group on age, sex, weight, height, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, differentiation of symptoms, surmise of treatment. In change of VAS, after treatment decreased than before treatment in two group, but there were no statistical significance compared with two group and time. In change of HDI(Total score, Emotional score, Functional score) and Six point Likert scale, after treatment decreased than before treatment in two group, but there were no statistical significance compared with two group and time. In change of two sides Algometer score, after treatment increased than before treatment in two group, and Lt algometer score was statistical significance compared with two group(p<0.001). And both sides Algometer score, threr were statistical significance compared with time. Conclusions : Acupuncture treatment has persisting effects that improve the symptoms and decrease the temporal muscle tenderness in patient with chronic tension-type headache.