• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was designed to compare the effects of tonification and sedation methods of Liver Meridian in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mice model. Methods : We injected MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline for 5 consecutive days. Acupuncture treatments were given to the mice with MPTP at LR8 and LR4 to tonify Liver Meridian (Liver+) or LR4 and LR2 to sedate it (Liver-) for 12 day. At the 12th day after first injection, mice were perfused, and then tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunohistochemistry was performed in substantia nigra (SN) of their brains. After counting the number of TH-positive neurons, we compared their numbers among experimental groups. Results : The number of TH-positive neurons of Liver+ group was significantly increased compared to that of MPTP group in the SN. That of Liver-group was also increased more than MPTP group, but not significantly. Conclusions : Tonifying Liver Meridian might be effective therapeutic tools for the neuroprotection in subchronic MPTP-induced mice model.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2004

Objectives : The usage of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative method of treatment for certain chronic pain conditions. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in various diseases has not been fully established and the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to foot samli$(ST_{36})$ on the carrageenan-induced knee arthritic pain was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the knee arthritis. Knee arthritis was induced by injection of 2 % carrageenan $50\;{\mu}l$ into the knee joint cavity. When rats developed pain behaviors, EA was applied for 30 min. under enflurane anesthesia with repeated train stimuli at the intensity of 10X of muscle twitch threshold. The weight bearing force of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : The average weight borne by the hind limb during normal gait was 55% of total body weight, which was reduced to less than 10% after knee arthritis. EA improved the weight bearing of the arthritic hind limb significantly for the duration of 4 hr. EA applied to $ST_{36}$ point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the arthritic foot lasting for at least 4 h. However, $GB_{31}$ point did not produce any significant increase of weight bearing force. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the knee arthritis model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, $GB_{31}$. The relations between EA-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase(iNOS)/neuronal NOS was also examined. Results were turned out that both NO production and nNOS/iNOS protein expression which is increased by arthritis were suppressed by EA stimulation applied to $ST_{36}$ point. Conclusions : The data suggest 1) that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the rat model of chronic knee arthritis pain in a point specific manner and 2) that EA-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS/iNOS protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.264-271
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• 2013

Objectives : To observe the changes in the expression of neurotransmitters NO and enzymes that create NO, such as nNOS, iNOS and eNOS, upon the needle insertion on river point, one of the five transport points of three yang meridians on the forefoot. Methods : Based on rats, needle was inserted on both sides of LI5, SI5 and TE6, which are river points of three yang meridians on the forefoot, and were retained for five minutes. After the retention, blood was drawn via cardiac puncture and tissues from each point around meridian vessels were extracted to be examined on the changes of the expression of NO, as well as of nNOS, iNOS and eNOS. Results : In terms of the effect on NO creation in tissues, none of the experimental groups showed any significant change compared to the Normal group. In terms of the effect on expression of nNOS within tissues, LI5 and SI5 showed significant increase based on the results of immunohistochemistry. In iNOS within tissues, LI5 and SI5 showed significant increase based on the results of immunohistochemistry. In eNOS within tissues, SI5 showed significant increase based on the results of immunohistochemistry. Conclusions : The effect on the function of NO, nNOS, iNOS and eNOS of needle insertion on the river points of three yang meridians on the forefoot could be observed, and based on this study, it is considered that the effect of needle stimulation on the changes of nervous system could be found out through additional research.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1565-1570
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• 2016

Background: Central neurocytomas are rare neuronal neoplasms with a favorable prognosis. They are typically located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and mostly histologically correspond to WHO grade II with a Mib 1 labelling index of <2%. Similar tumors located in the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord, for example, are called "extraventricular neurocytomas". A few tumors histologically show atypia, mitoses, vascular proliferation and/or necrosis and a Mib 1 index >2 % and are designated as "atypical neurocytomas. Aim: The aim of our study was to describe the common as well as unusual morphologic features and the role of various immunohistochemical stains in the diagnosis of these rare tumors. Materials and Methods: We retrieved and reviewed 35 cases diagnosed between 2001 and 2015. Results: Sixty percent of patients were males, and the mean age was 26 years. 31 cases (88.6%) were intraventricular and 4(11.4%) were extraventricular. Histologically, 6 cases (17.1%) were compatible with "atypical neurocytomas". All cases showed the classic morphology comprising nests and sheets of uniform, round cells with uniform round to oval nuclei with finely speckled chromatin and perinuclear cytoplasmic clearing (halos). All cases also showed delicate, fibrillary, neuropil-like matrices. Other common histologic features included capillary-sized blood vessels in a branching pattern in 57.1%, foci of calcification in 34.3% and perivascular pseudorosettes in 20%. Rare findings included Homer-Wright or true rosettes in 8.6% and ganglioid cells in 2.9%. Synaptophysin was the most consistent and valuable marker, being positive in almost all cases. GFAP positivity in tumor cells was seen in 25.7% of cases. Follow up was available in 13 patients. Of these 9 had histologically typical and 4 had atypical tumors. Only 1 (with an atypical neurocytoma) died, probably due to complications of surgery within one month, while 12 (including 3 with atypical neurocytomas) remained alive. Recurrence developed in 1 of these 12 patients (histologically consistent with typical morphology) almost 9 years after surgery. Only 4 patients, including 2 with atypical tumors, received postoperative radiotherapy, all with surgery in 2010 or later. Overall, prognosis was excellent with prolonged, recurrence free survival and most patients, even without receiving radiation therapy, were alive and well for many years, even a decade or more after surgery, without developing any recurrence, indicating the benign nature of these neoplasms.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.2304-2310
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• 2014

The synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 5-methoxy-2-(phenylethynyl)quinoline (MPEQ) 3 as a potential mGluR5 selective radioligand is described. We have identified MPEQ 3 exhibiting the analgesic effect in the neuropathic pain animal model. The effect of mGluR5 on neuronal activity in rat brain was evaluated through FDG/PET imaging in the presence of MPEQ 3. In addition, the PET study of [$^{11}C$]MPEQ 3 proved that accumulation of [$^{11}C$]MPEQ 3 in rat brain was correlated to the localization of the mGluR5.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2018

콜라겐 펩타이드(collagen peptide)는 단백질의 가수 분해물로서 주름 완화, 보습력 증대, 탄력 개선 등의 특정 피부 효능을 나타낼 수 있어 화장품 혹은 피부 개선 기능식품으로서 활용되고 있다. ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA)는 척추 동물의 뇌, 척수에 존재하는 신경전달 물질로서 수면의 질과 양을 개선해 준다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 콜라겐 펩타이드와 GABA의 복합물이 수면 장애가 있는 여성에게 8주 경구 섭취를 통해서 수면 및 피부 상태를 개선할 수 있는가에 관하여 확인하였다. 복합물(J85091900)은 8주간 연속적으로 섭취 시, 수면장애지수(PSQI)가 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 수면 시간을 7% 증가시켰다. 또한, 피부 거칠기, 눈가 주름 및 피부 수분량(capacitance)을 유의적으로 개선하였다. 이상의 결과에서 콜라겐과 GABA의 복합물은 복합 수면 장애에 따른 피부의 노화 현상으로부터 피부를 보호할 수 있음을 확인하여 먹는 화장품의 핵심 소재로 활용 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2013

본 연구는 산화적 스트레스로부터 유도되는 신경세포 사멸을 보호할 수 있는 생리활성물질을 탐색하기 위하여 검정콩 껍질 추출물의 항산화 효과 및 PC12 신경세포 보호효과에 대하여 조사하였다. 다양한 용매에 의해 추출된 검정콩 껍질 추출물의 총 페놀화합물 함량을 측정한 결과 70% acetone 추출물이 다른 용매추출물에 비하여 가장 높은 총 페놀화합물 함량을 나타내었으며, 이를 기초로 70% acetone 추출물을 이용한 세포 내 항산화 활성도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 PC12 신경세포 보호효과를 조사한 결과, 세포생존율과 세포막 손상 보호효과에서 70% acetone 추출물 처리구는 최대 $500{\mu}g/mL$까지 $H_2O_2$를 처리한 대조구에 비하여 농도 의존적으로 신경세포 보호효과가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 동일 추출물을 활용한 in vivo 인지학습능력 평가에서도 대조구인 $A{\beta}$ ICV injection을 한 group과 비교하였을 때 전체적으로 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 Y-maze test와 passive avoidance test에서 control구와 유사하거나 높은 인지 및 기억 능력 회복효과를 보여주었다. 본 연구결과를 종합해 보면 BSSCE는 항산화, 뇌 신경세포 보호효과 및 in vivo 인지 기억 회복능을 갖는 것으로 판단되며, 추후 검정콩 껍질에 존재하는 유효 생리활성물질을 확인함으로써 현대 사회의 가장 큰 질병 중 하나인 알츠하이머성 치매(AD)와 같은 퇴행성 뇌신경질환 예방에 유용한 소재가 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2008

신경계통의 가소성은 신경세포의 변화에 의해 이루어질 뿐 아니라 신경아교세포의 변화에 의해서도 이루어진다. 신경아교세포 중 별아교세포는 신경세포의 기능을 조절하므로 정상적인 뇌의 기능을 유지하는데 매우 중요하다. 뇌에서 편도복합체는 위험 혹은 유해한 일련의 감각정보를 받아들이는 구역으로 받아들인 일련의 이와 같은 정보를 통합하고 변환시켜 공포라는 감정을 만들어낸다. 이런 과정은 편도복합체 신경세포에서 분비되는 신경전달물질의 균형변화에 의해 이루어지며, 신경전달물질의 조절에 별아교세포가 관여하므로 본 연구에서는 출생 전 스트레스와 성장 후에 받은 스트레스가 편도복합체 별아교세포의 세포체에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 조사하였다. 이를 위해 흰쥐를 스트레스를 받지 않은 대조군 (CON), 성장 후 스트레스를 받은 군 (CONR), 출생 전 스트레스를 받은 군 (PNS), 출생 전 스트레스와 성장 후 스트레스를 모두 받은 군 (PNSR)으로 구분하였다. 별아교세포는 GFAP 항체를 이용한 면역조직화학 염색을 시행하여 확인하였으며, methylene blue/azure II로 대조 염색하였다. Neurolucida 프로그램을 이용하여 계측한 별아교세포의 세포체는 일부 편도복합체 신경핵에서 출생 전 스트레스를 받은 PNS군이 대조군에 비하여 면적이 증가하였으며, 이런 경향은 출생 전 스트레스를 받고 다시 성장 후 스트레스를 받은 PNSR군에서 더욱 증가하였다. 따라서 흰쥐의 편도복합체에 분포하는 별아교세포는 스트레스에 영향을 받아 비대해지는 경향을 보인 것으로 나타났으며, 출생 전 스트레스가 성장 후에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• 감성과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2010

최근 학제간 교류가 빈번해지고 그 경계마저도 무너지고 있는 추세에서 감성과학에 대한 연구범위는 그 어느 때보다도 넓어지고 있다. 과거 심리학, 환경디자인, 두뇌 신경학 중심의 학제연구를 넘어서 인류학, 사회학, 문화 역사학, 예술, 공학 등 모든 분야에 걸쳐 감성에 대한 관심이 높아지고, 또 이들 간의 견고한 학제연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 일차적으로 감성연구의 각 분과학문의 지평 확대를 위해 동물모델을 이용한 감성기법, 인공 후각센서와 뉴런 칩 기술의 적용가능, 감성과학을 이용한 인간 대사조절 등의 연구 가능성을 타진해 보고 향후 감성연구가 심리학이나 의학, 이공계학은 물론 철학, 역사 문화, 사회학 등의 전방위적 학제간 연구로 확장될 필요성을 제시한다. 동물 모델을 이용한 감성측정기법에서는 주로 감성의 근원지를 뇌로 규정하고 뇌신경을 자극했을 때 나타나는 현상 등을 모니터링하는 기법등을 소개한다. 인공후각센서와 뉴런칩에 관한 내용은 최근의 첨단 나노/마이크로 응용기술을 감성과학분야에 적용하려는 사례를 소개하는 것으로 반도체 공정으로 만든 칩위에 후각세포나 신경세포를 키우면서 전기적 신호를 읽는 신기술을 소개한다. 마지막으로 소리를 감성의 한 자극체로 보고 인간의 생리대사, 특히 비만 관리에 있어 감성과학을 응용한 사례를 자세히 보고한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2007

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect on nerve regeneration of ultrasound irradiation in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Methods: To investigate alterations of the NCAM immunoreactivity in non-crushed part and crushed part of the spinal cord, the unilateral sciatic nerve of the rats were crushed. The expression of NCAM was used as the marked of peripheral nerve regeneration, and also plays an important role in developing nerve system. Experimental animals were sacrificed by perfusion fixation at post-injury 1, 3, 7, 14 days after ultrasound irradiation. The pulsed US was applied at a frequency of 1MHz and a spatial average-temporal average Intensity of 0.5W/of (20% pulse ratio) for 1 mins. The Luxol fast blue-cresyl violet stain were also done to observe the morphological changes. Results: Alteration of NCAM immunoreactivity in the crushed part and the non-crushed part of lower lumbar spinal cord were observed. NCAM-immunoreactivity cells were some increased in the dorsal horn lamina I, III and cell ventral horn at 1 day after unilateral sciatic nerve injury. However, there was not significant difference in the relationship between crushed part and non-crushed part. NCAM-inmmunoreactivity was remarkably increased at 3 days after unilateral sciatic nerve injuryin the gray matter and white matter. NCAM-immunoreactivity was increased in the ventral horn and post horn of experimental crushed part. Also, NCAM-immunoreactivity in large motor neurons in ventral horns lamina VIII, IX were increased at 7 days after unilateral sciatic nerve injury. At 14 days after sciatic nerve crushed injury, there was no significant difference. All group were decreased for 14 days. In the time course of NCAM expression, all groups showed a significant difference at 3day groups(p<0.05). Whereas, CC group was noted a significant difference between 3day and 7 day group respectively. In NCAM expression, there were significantly increased in all group. In the relationship between CNC group and ENC group, significant difference was detected among 3, 7, 14 day group(p<0.05). The difference between CC group and ENC group were noted in all groups(p<0.05). Conclusion: It is consequently suggested that the effects of the ultrasound irradiation may increase the NCAM immunoreactive neurons and glial cell in the spinal cord after unilateral sciatic nerve crushed injury. Therefore, the increased NCAM immunoreactivity in the spinal cord may reflect the neuronal damage and healing process induced by a ultrasound irradiation after peripheral nerve injury in rat.