• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2003

Influence of post gate oxidation anneal on Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) of PMOSFE has been investigated. At oxidation anneal temperature raised above 950$^{\circ}$C, a significant improvement of NBTI was observed which enables to reduce PMO V$\_$th/ shift occurred during a Bias Temperature (BT) stress. The high temperature anneal appears to suppress charge generations inside the gate oxide and near the silicon oxide interface during the BT stress. By measuring band-to-band tunneling currents and subthreshold slopes, reduction of oxide trapped charges and interface states at the high temperature oxidation anneal was confirmed.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Modulation theory describes propagation of surface waves with deep wave number and frequency modulation. Locally spectrally narrow wave packet can have accumulated large scale frequency shift of carrier wave during propagation. Some important nonlinear modulation effects, such as negative frequencies, phase kinks, crest pairing, etc., often observed experimentally at long fetch propagation of finite amplitude surface wave trains, are reproduced by the proposed theory. The presented model permits also to analyze the appropriately short surface wave packets and modulation periods. Solutions show the wave phase kinks to arise on areas' of relatively small free surface displacement in complete accordance with the experiments.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 1988

Acetonitrile 용액중에서 3-phenyl-4-nitrosydnone의 전기화학전 환원을 direct current, differential pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry 그리고 controlled potential coulometry 방법으로 연구하였다. Phenyl-N 단일 결합의 분리 이전에 nitro 기능기의 비가역적 전자 전달-화학반응(EC)기구의 진행으로 다전자 이동에 의한 amino(또한 hydroxylamino)기를 형성하고, 높은 음 전위 영역에서 2,3 비가역성 환원파의 일전자전달-화학반응에 의한 phenyl hydrazine을 생성하였다. 음극 반파 전위들은 cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide의 억제 효과에 의해 음의 값으로 이동하였고 한편, sodium lauryl sulfate micelle은 높은 음전위 영역에서 제 2,3 환원파의 가역성산화 peaks를 보였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.424-432
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• 2018

직무급은 "업무를 수행하는 사람의 특징에 관계없이 직무의 가치에 따라 기본급이 결정되는 보상체계"이다. 2016년 근로자들의 정년이 60세 법제화의 영향으로 임금체계 개선을 시도하고 있다. 문재인정부에서는 전 정부에서 도입된 성과연봉제를 직무급제도로의 전환을 시도하고 있다. 즉, 연공급여에서 성과연봉도입, 그리고 직무급제도로의 전환이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 최근 공공 기관들의 직무급여의 전환과 관련하여 사례기관을 조사 분석하였다. 즉, 성과연봉제 관련 직원들의 인식을 바탕으로 성과연봉제의 직무급제도로의 전환 관련 내용을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 성과연봉제에 전반에 대한 부정적 인식이 강한 점과 직무급제도로의 전환 또한 반대가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 문제의 개선을 위해서는 성과연봉제와 직무급의 부정적 인식전환을 위한 노력, 성과 및 직무에 대한 공정한 평가기준 마련 등 관련 문제 개선, 직무급전환에 반대하는 직원 설득 등의 노력이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2011

The effect of strain rate on the yield stress of an Al-Li alloy has been investigated at temperatures between 77 and 523 K and over the strain rate range from $1.77{\times}10^{-4}s^{-1}$ to $1.77{\times}10^{-2}s^{-1}$. At testing temperatures below 373 K, the yield stress is almost independent of strain rate at any aging stage. At testing temperatures above 373 K, the yield stress increases linearly with the logarithm of strain rate, and the strain rate dependence increases with increasing testing temperature. The yield stresses of under-aged alloy at temperatures between 373 and 473 K at high strain rates are greater than the yield stress at 77 K. For the alloy under-aged or aged nearly to its peak strength, the temperature range within which the positive temperature dependence of yield stress appears expands to the higher temperature side with increasing strain rate. The strain rate dependence of the yield stress is slightly negative at this aging stage. The yield stress of the over-aged alloy decreases monotonically with decreasing strain rate and with increasing testing temperature above 373 K. The modulus normalized yield stress is nearly constant at testing temperatures below 373 K at any strain rate investigated. And, strength depends largely both on the aging conditions and on the testing temperature. The peak positions in strength vs. aging time curves shift to the side of shorter aging time with increasing testing temperature. For the specimens aged nearly to the peak strength, the positive temperature dependence of yield stress is observed in the temperature range. The shift of peak positions in the aging curves are explained in terms of the positive temperature dependence of cutting stress and the negative temperature dependence of by-passing stress.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.521-527
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• 1990

The binding characteristics and analytical applications of anilinium ion complexes with 18-crown-6 were studied by polarography and NMR. First, the electrochemical reduction of the 10 species of mono and dimethylsubstituted anilinium ion complexes with 18-crown-6 as host in methanol are examined. The addition of 18-crown-6 to anilinium guest solution the polarographic waves remain well defined but shifted toward more negative potentials, indicating the complex formation. The values of formation constants, log Κ for 10 species of methylsubstituted anilinium ion complexes with 18-crown-6 varies from 2.7 to 4.8 in methanol at $25^{\circ}C$. The stability order of complexes for 18-crown-6 is anilinilum > 4-methyl > 3,4-dimethyl > 3-methyl > 3,5-dimethyl > 2,4-dimethyl > 2,5-dimethyl > 2,3-dimethyl > 2-methyl > 2,6-dimethylanilinium ion. The steric hindrance shows significant effect. Second, Proton NMR was used to elucidate their interaction characteristics. From the results of so called NMR titration techniques, the behaviors of binding sites on complexation, and the stoichiometry and stability order of complex were obtained. And the later results show the satisfactory agreement with the quantitative values obtained by polarography. Finally, the individual determinations of anilinium ion mixtures were also accomplished by addition of 18-crown-6. In some mixtures of methyl or dimethylanilinium ions the reduction peaks of differential pulse method appeared into one unresolved wave attributed to the small difference of half-wave potential, ${\Delta}E_{1/2}$. In the presence of 18-crown-6, the polarographic waves were resolved into individual maxima because of the shift toward more negative direction by the difference of selectivity of anilinium ions with 18-crown-6. It may be concluded that quantitative analysis of methylanilinium ion mixture make possible because the half-wave potential shift by the selectivity difference due to the steric hindrance between methyl group and 18-crown-6 on complexation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.63-82
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• 2022

Purpose - Drawing on relational institutional theory, we explored how demographic similarity between board members of a firm and newly emerged political elites led to firms' increased financial resource acquisition such as leverage ratio and decreased export intensity amidst the Asian financial crisis. We also studied how a firm's leverage ratio and export intensity can further affect firm profitability and financial credit rating. Design/methodology - We revisited and explored a unique, unprecedented crisis that affected most Korean firms: the Asian financial crisis that coincided with a governmental shift from a conservative to a liberal party. We collected demographic information from 432 listed Korean firms' board members and 43 political elites of the Blue House from 1998-2000 to create a demographic similarity measurement. We collected firms' financial information, built panel data, and used ordinary least squares regression to test our theory. Findings - Our results showed that demographic similarity between a firm's directors and newly emerged politicians had a positive association with a firm's leverage ratio but a negative association with a firm's export intensity. A firm's leverage ratio had a negative relationship with firm performance measured by firm profitability and financial credit rating. A firm's export intensity showed a positive effect on firm performance. Originality/value - We highlighted that during an economic crisis that coincided with a governmental shift and change of leading political actors, firms exerted efforts to survey the environment and build new external stakeholder relationships to cope with the changing landscape. We proposed that in an emerging market like Korea where low levels of trust and favoritism are prevalent across society, one of the relational institutional strategies that firms can employ is the selection of directors with similar demographic characteristics to political elites based on factors including birthplace and school affiliations. We examined the efforts of firms to build political networks with newly empowered political elites during a financial crisis, and the consequences of establishing such networks. We highlighted that during a financial crisis, the demographic similarity between a firm's board members and newly emerged politicians can provide firms with access to financial resources but can also result in poor management and reduced effort to enhance its international competitiveness.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2016

인간의 생체리듬 조절에 관여하는 멜라토닌 호르몬은 빛의 특정 단파장 비율에 따라 민감하게 반응한다. 단파장 비율이 고정된 기존 조명 빛은 재실자 생체리듬 교란 및 수면장애 현상을 초래한다. 특히 교대근무자의 경우, 일정치 않은 근무시간과 항시 동일한 빛 환경으로 인해 생활패턴이 불규칙적으로 변화하여 집중력 저하로 사고 발생의 위험도가 높아지거나 퇴근 이후 숙면을 취하지 못하는 등 건강한 일상생활을 유지하는 데 부정적 영향을 초래한다. 본 논문에서는 교대근무자를 대상으로 근무 또는 퇴근 시점에 따라 각성 및 수면에 적합한 조명 빛을 손쉽게 계측 및 제어할 수 있는 스마트폰 기반의 파장 제어 가능한 LED 조명시스템을 제안한다. 먼저, LED 조명을 대상으로 조광제어비율에 따라 변화하는 조명 빛 특성을 스마트폰에 내장된 컬러센서 및 외부에 연동된 소형 스펙트로미터(Mini-Spectrometer)를 통해 계측한 후 데이터베이스에 저장하고, 저장된 광 특성 데이터를 기반으로 계측 모듈과 조명제어모듈을 구현한다. 교대근무자를 대상으로 시스템 처리 절차에 따라 '근무' 시간대에는 각성이 필요한 시점으로 파악하여 작업유형에 따라 분류한 목표조도를 고려하여 단파장 비율이 최대치인 제어비율로 서비스하고, '퇴근' 무렵에는 자연스럽게 수면 상태에 진입할 수 있도록 단파장 비율이 최소치인 제어비율로 조명 빛을 가변화한다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.103-118
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to understand the process and investigate basic theory of fatigue experience of shift work nurses. The present study adopted grounded theory methodology on fatigue of shift work nurses. The participants for this study were 15 shift work nurses who were in the age of 25 to 35, the clinical experience of 2 to 14 years and the work department of ICU. ER. ward and delivery room. The data were collected from 2000 to 2003 by using interviews and observations. The contents of the interviews were tape-recorded and were drawn through repeated method. And then were analyzed into the concept, subcategories, and categories with the open coding process and axial coding was done to identify the relationships of the concepts and categories according to the paradigm models. The core category generated, which was a central phenomena of the exhaustion process. The causal condition is change events. The central condition of exhaustion were sorted as physical discomfort, decreasing vigor, psychological instability, feeling of sleeping desire, changing face impression and being heavy body. The intervening condition were discovered as social$\cdot$ psychology$\cdot$physical resist and positive$\cdot$negative interaction strategies. The consequences of the fatigue process is the short term exhaustion relief and long term residual exhaustion. The fatigue process of this study was 'break through exhaustion' of change event-exhaustion-resist-resolve intervention-adaptation. This study offers better understanding on fatigue process of shift work nurses and may facilitate more appropriate interventive strategies to support, information and knowledges according to fatigue process.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2022

열대저기압이 한반도로 접근할 때 중심최대풍속이 34 knot보다 약해졌더라도(weak tropical cyclone; WTC) 수도권 지역으로 상륙하면 상당한 피해를 일으키지만 WTC만 독립적으로 조사한 학술연구는 거의 없다. 본 연구에 따르면 WTC 활동은 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)와 관련되어 있는 것으로 보인다. PDO가 음의 위상일 때는 양의 위상일 때보다 95% 신뢰구간에서 유의하게 더 많은 WTC가 한반도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. PDO 양의 위상에 비해 음의 위상 시기에는 북서태평양 북부에서 양의 상대소용돌이 아노말리가 나타난 반면, 북서태평양 남부에서는 강한 연직바람시어와 음의 상대소용돌이 아노말리가 나타났다. 이런 조건 하에서 열대저기압의 발생위치가 보다 북쪽으로, 즉 동아시아 대륙에 더욱 근접할 수 있었던 것으로 보이며 이에 따라 열대저기압의 전체 생애가 짧아졌을 것이다. 게다가 PDO 음의 위상 시기에 일본열도 상공에 자리한 고기압성 아노말리는 열대저기압의 진로를 좀 더 서쪽으로 밀어내어 육지에 의한 마찰과 황해 저층 냉수대의 영향도 증가하였을 것이다. 이에 따라 열대저기압의 생애최대강도와 상륙 시 강도가 약해져 PDO 음의 위상 때 WTC 활동이 한반도에서 증가한 것으로 분석된다.