• PNF and Movement
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was conducted to find correct head and neck patterns, manual contact. verbal commands with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF). Method : This is a literature study with books, seminar note and book for PNF international course. Result : Keep the information of the biomechanics and neural science in head and neck patterns and emphasize that manual contact, verbal commands and visual stimulus. Manual contacting for movement guide and stability of the $C_0/C_1$ verbal command and visual stimulus for correcting of the $C_0/C_1$ movements. Conclusion : In reminder for PNF learning, begin with head and neck and upper trunk patterns. In that time, Knott and Voss(1968) had not enough information about biomechanic movement components and neural science movement components. But Knott and Voss(1968) emphasized that head and neck patterns relate with trunk, upper extremities and lower extremities directly. Alar ligaments are relaxed with the head in neutral and taut in flexion. Axial rotation of the head and neck tightens both alar ligaments. The right upper and left lower portions of the alar ligament limit left lateral flexion of the head and neck. Therefore, head and neck patterns has to be modify. When head moving, eye and vestibular stimulus will be change. During head and neck patterns, must be consider about stimulus of eye system and vestibular system also.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.57-69
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the effects of neck and trunk combined exercise program and single exercise on neck angle and neck and shoulder muscle activity. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In the single exercise group, the basic stretching, head bending and neck bending exercises were performed. The neck and trunk combined exercise group performed torso strength and trunk stability exercises to stabilize the trunk, and then performed the same neck exercise as the single exercise group. The exercise program was conducted 5 days per week for 2 weeks. One-way repeated ANOVA was used to investigate the statistical analysis of neck angle, neck and upper and middle trapezius muscle activity. Results: 1) There was no significant difference in neck angle degree after exercise in neck single exercise group. 2) In the neck and trunk combined exercise, the neck angle degree decreased continuously with the increase of the experimental period and showed a significant difference. 3) In the single exercise group, the muscles which showed significant difference compared to the post-exercise were the right upper, left and right middle trapezius. 4) In the neck and trunk combined exercise group, the right neck muscles showed significant difference after the exercise before the experiment. Conclusion: It was found that the neck and trunk combined exercise was more effective in reducing neck angle and the muscle activity of the subjects with forward head posture was decreased and increased. However, both exercises showed positive effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study compared the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the cervical muscles of straight neck patients and normal participants during a craniocervical flexion exercise (CCFE) using computerized tomography (CT) to investigate the effects of CCFE on the cervical curve. METHODS: Eighteen subjects were recruited for this study. Nine subjects were allocated to the straight neck group (subjects with pain and a cervical lordosis angle of less than 20°); the remainder formed the control group (subjects with a cervical lordosis angle greater than 20°). The CSA of the subjects' neck flexors (longus colli, longus capitis, and sternocleidomastoid) were measured by CT during rest and CCFE in the supine position, and the range of motion (ROM) of neck flexion was measured using a C-ROM instrument in a sitting. RESULTS: The straight neck group had a significantly smaller CSA of the longus colli, longus capitis, and sternocleidomastoid than the control group (p < .05). Both the straight neck and control groups showed statistically significant increases in the CSA of the neck flexors during CCFE compared to that at rest (p < .05). In addition, the straight neck group showed a significantly smaller ROM of neck flexion than the control group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide more concrete evidence for therapists by demonstrating that CCFE improves the neck function by strengthening the neck flexors and increasing the neck stability for straight neck patients. Therefore, it is necessary to perform CCFE and neck extension exercises to rehabilitate straight neck patients.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.178-184
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• 2016

Objective: Tension-type headache is caused by hormones, foods, irritants, stress, obesity, fatigue, and neck and head trigger points-prolonged abnormal posture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of relaxation approach on head posture, static postural stability, and headache in persons with tension-type headache. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty-five persons with tension-type headache participated in this study. This study was a pretest-posttest with a control group design for a duration of 4 weeks (60 min/3 times/1 wk). The participants were randomly allocated to the relaxation approach group (n=18) and the control group with conventional rehabilitation including thermotherapy and transcutaneous electrical stimulation for the same period (n=17). Outcome measures involved forward head posture (FHP), foot pressure, neck disability index (NDI), and six-item headache impact test (HIT-6). Results: Relaxation approach and control groups improved significantly in the amount of forward head posture, neck disability index, and six-item headache impact test scores after training (p<0.05). The control group was found to be significantly different in the amount of FHP, backward foot pressure, NDI, and HIT-6 after training compared to before training (p<0.05). The relaxation approach group significantly improved in forward head posture, neck disability index, and six-item headache impact test compared with control group after training (p<0.05). Neck disability index and six-item headache impact test significantly improved after training compared with before training in the control group (p<0.05). However, the foot pressure was not significantly different between relaxation approach and control groups. Conclusions: This study suggests that treatment with relaxation approach combined with self-exercise would be effective in reducing the amount of forward head posture, neck disability and headache impacts.

• Hip & pelvis
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

Purpose: Osteosynthesis has been recommended for treatment of Pauwels type III femoral neck fractures in young patients. However, no implant of choice has been reported so far. This study was conducted in order to compare the fixation stability of two conventional fixation methods with three different novel fixed angle devices in this type of fracture. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 composite femurs (4th Generation Saw bone; Pacific Research Laboratories, USA) corresponding to human bone were used. Pauwels type III fracture type was uniformly reproduced. Specimens were fixed with a cannulated screw, cannulated screw with cable, and Intertan nail, dynamic hip screw, and IKEY nail. Measurement of failure loads and the rotational change of the femoral head fragment was performed for evaluation of fixation stability. Results: All implants were compared with cannulated screw and dynmaic hip screw. No meaningful improvement was observed for the cannulated screw with cable compared with the cannulated screw and dynamic hip screw. Meaningful improvement in load-to-failure and y-rotation and z-rotation was observed for both the Intertan nail and IKEY nail compared with the cannulated screw. However, compared with the dynamic hip screw, only the IKEY nail showed improvement in the same profile but the Intertan nail did not. Conclusion: Among novel fixed angle devices, meaningful improvement was observed for the IKEY nail compared with conventional implants. Strengths of this implant include biomechanical stability and simplicity of surgical technique, indicating that it may be another good option for osteosynthesis of Pauwels type III femoral neck fractures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1983

In the stability problem of the U-grooved plate, it has a circular hole, the site of the hole determines some different deformation mode when it was loaded. To determine the optimal position of the circular hole-center which not to get large distortion of the hole itself, in this paper, we studied the distributions of stresses in the neck area between hole and U-groove and the distortion mode of the deformed hole by B.E.M(Boundary Element Method) and compared with experimental results in four cases. For a distributed load, according to the center of the hole moves closer to the U-groove center (c.-c. line), the shape of the circular hole was transformed to the elliptical one(it's major axis perpendicular to the c.-c. line). In this problem, the results by Boundary Element Method was well accorded with Experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare combined exercise program group to conventional physiotherapy for patients with chronic neck pain. Methods : Participants were randomly allocated to two groups by experimental(n=17) and control(n=17). Combined exercise program group involved stretching, stability, strengthening and endurance, proprioceptive exercises along with an educational programme. Patient attended for 60min, three times a weeks. Control group was treated as conventional physiotherapy on 40 min, three times a weeks. Outcome variables included pain, disability, range of motion, fatigability at 0 and 6 weeks. Results : Pain, Disability Index, Fatigability significantly decreased(p<.05) and Range of motion improved significantly after active exercise program(p<.05). In conclusion. Combined exercise program improves pain and disability, range of motion, fatigability. Conclusion : These results suggest that combined exercise program is suitable for chronic neck pain.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

For the robust passenger NCAP 5star and the stable neck injury performance, a new concept of passenger airbag has been required strongly. Especially, the deployment stability and the vent hole control technology of the passenger airbag should be improved. According to these requirements, the deployment stability technique has been studied and the 'Active Vent' technology has been developed. As a result, these technologies have led to achieve the robust NCAP rating and are applied to the production vehicles.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.42-56
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• 2019

Background: Individuals with mechanical neck pain show biomechanical and neurophysiological changes, including cervical spine muscle weakness. As a result of deep muscle weakness, it causes stability disability and reduced upper thoracic spine mobility, which finally leads to functional movement restriction such as limited range of motion and dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that thoracic spine manipulation and mobilization could reduce symptoms of mechanical neck pain in patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thoracic mobility exercise on cervicothoracic function, posture feature, and pain intensity in individuals with mechanical neck pain. Methods: The study subjects were 26 persons who were randomly assigned to the experimental (with thoracic mobility exercise) and control groups (without thoracic mobility exercise), with 13 subjects in each group. The cervicothoracic function (neck functional disability level and cervicothoracic range of motion), posture feature, and pain rating (using a quadrupled visual analogue scale [QVAS]) were measured before, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks. Results: Statistically significant group-by-time interactions were found with repeated analyses of variance for the Korean neck disability index (KNDI), all cervical range of motion (CROM), all thoracic range of motion (TROM), cranial rotation angle, sagittal shoulder posture (SSP), and QVAS (p<.05). All groups showed significant improvements from all times in all the evaluated methods. The KNDI, CROM, TROM of left rotation, and SSP in the experimental group showed significant improvements after 3 weeks, and the TROM of the right rotation and QVAS in the experimental group showed significant improvements after 6 weeks when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Thoracic mobility exercise during 6 weeks might be effective intervention to improve the functional level, posture feature, and QVAS pain rating for managing individuals with mechanical neck pain.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2012

The purpose of current study was to investigate the effects of the heights on the lower extremities, torso and neck segments for energy dissipation during single-leg drop landing from different heights. Twenty eight young healthy male subjects(age: $23.21{\pm}1.66yr$, height: $176.03{\pm}4.22cm$, weight: $68.93{\pm}5.36kg$) were participated in this study. The subjects performed the single-leg drop landing from the various height(30, 45 & 60 cm). Force plates and motion-capture system were used to capture ground reaction force and kinematics data, respectively. The results were as follows. First, the ROM at the ankle, knee, hip and trunk was increased with the increased heights but the ROM at the neck was increased in the 60cm. Second, the angular velocity, moment and eccentric work at the ankle, knee, hip, trunk, and neck was increased with the increased heights. Third, the contribution to total work at the knee joint was not significantly different, while the ankle joint rate was decreased and hip and neck rate was increased in the 60cm, and trunk rate was increased with the increased heights. Lastly, the increase in landing height was able to augment the level of energy dissipation not only at the lower extremities but also at the trunk and neck. The findings showed that drop landing affect trunk and neck with lower extremity joints. Therefore, we need to consider that trunk and neck strengthening including stability should be added to reduce sports injury during prevention training.