• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2005

The investigation and evaluation of river naturalness was conducted for sample rivers-Hongchungang, Mihochun, Naesungchun - using the method from previous paper 'The Evaluation of River Naturalness for Habitat Restoration : I. Proposal of Evaluation Method'. As a result, Hongchungang and Naesungchun, Mihochun showed 2$^{nd}$ Grades with averaged point 1.92, 1.43, and 2.31. Also comparison and examination of the relationship between water quality and river naturalness shows a little relation with coefficient of correlation 0.575. This result means that the evaluation of river naturalness can be possibly used as index to evaluate river ecology, from a different standpoint with water quality.oint with water quality.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.21-35
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• 2009

To propose a sound direction for river rehabilitation plan, the naturalness of the river must be evaluated. In this study, the conventional methods for evaluating the naturalness of rivers proposed by Park, et al. has been improved to estimate the weights for each items subject to assessment and applied adequate Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). To estimate the weights, survey was conducted on a group of 83 experts in Civil and Environmental Engineering with a customized questionnaire. The results of the survey were generalized and used to estimate the weights of each items. Among the 14 evaluation items that have been generated as a result of the estimation, a total of 7 weight values such as water quality, variations in water flow, vegetation around minor bed, curve of waterway, vegetation around flood plain, variety in minor bed width, and diversity of stream bed materials appeared to be high. The improved method for evaluating the naturalness of rivers was applied to Hoe-ya River, where the method has successfully discriminated the sections having low degree of naturalness. The proposed assessment method can be employed as a criterion to determine the business zones in the river environment maintenance projects.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2005

The evaluation methods of river naturalness were reviewed, and one of the best methods was applied to three sample rivers-Narinchun, Bokhachun, Anyangchun. As a result, Narinchun with well preserved state, Bokhachun with being to restoration stage from the damaged, Anyangchun with severe damaged state showed 2$^{nd}$ , 3$^{rd}$ and 4$^{th}$ Grade. The application result shows the method is reliable for evaluating the damaged habitat in river. The method was improved on the evaluation items to apply lager river systems. This suggested method have 14 evaluation items with two category-river shape and river environment and five different Grades for evaluation degree according to state of natural closeness. The every 2,000-3,000m along the river system is recommended as the interval of evaluation unit. According to calssification of evaluation items, this method can supply various information related to river environment and ecology such as ecological deformation and diversity, cross sectional structure and continuity of river shapes..

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.1155-1163
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• 2022

Since the introduction of the eco-friendly concepts in river management more than 40 years ago, many efforts have been made, such as the improvement of laws and systems, and research and development, and now river environment management is becoming the main issue of river management along with the flood damage reduction. This paper reviewed the history of improvement in relevant laws, and the current river plans prescribed by law. And as a way to improve the effectiveness of river environment management, the importance and implementation method of the level of naturalness survey of physical habitats in rivers were proposed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.218-227
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• 2011

The objective approach for assessment of stream naturalness is an essential part of the stream restoration project. This study proposes the methodology for the assessment of stream naturalness considering physical, biological and chemical factors. Physical factors consists of riffle and pool, river bed material, bank protection, floodplain vegetation and levee materials; biological factors are benthic macroinvertebrate, KSI (Korean Saprobic Index), and IBI (Index of Biological Integrity) and chemical factors are pH, DO (dissolved oxygen), and TP (total phosphorus). This procedure is applied to the Mokgamcheon. As a result, the downstream of Mokgamcheon (zone I) needs the prompt improvement of stream naturalness, compared to the others (zone II and III). This evaluation technique will be an effective tool to quantify the stream naturalness and can be used to set the target of stream restoration project.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.499-511
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• 2008

The major focus of this study is to evaluate a newly developed stream naturalness index system 'Habitat-riparian Indexing System (HIS).' There have been many studies that have assessed stream naturalness in order to provide information required for restoration. The results of these studies were enough for the purpose of the studies; however, the methodologies were limited especially with respect to rapid measurement and the representation of ecological habitats. Therefore, we derived crucial variables from a popularly utilized method and merged them with other criteria obtained from overseas approaches, resulting in the development of the HIS method. The stability of HIS was evaluated by comparing the results with the Stream Naturalness Index (SNI) of Cho (1997). We monitored 100 stream sites in the Nakdong River system using the two different methods for two sampling periods (spring and autumn), and the results were compared using statistical analyses. The determination coefficients between the index values from two methods were c.a. 0.6 for both seasons, and statistics revealed that HIS had a relatively higher stability, providing index values for stream environments. The results of this work suggest a possibility of the utility of HIS for other stream habitats.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.647-657
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• 2018

This study was carried out to review as criteria for zoning at management plan for river restoration, in case of naturalness of river environment and suitability of water friendly activity suggested at assessment system of river environment in Korea. As a result of reviewing law and guidelines concerned, historic & cultural resources used as criteria for preservation zone, it was judged that the historical and cultural value as the preservation zone needs to be examined in connection with waterfriendly activity zone. In this study, we propose a sequential evaluation method to distinguish the waterfriendly activity zone by applying suitability of waterfriendly activity reflecting land use social characteristics, followed division of preservation and restoration zone at the first stage by the naturalness of river environment reflecting the natural environmental characteristics as a result of application to the test bed, Gap and Yudeung streams. In particular, it was concluded that the results of the present study provided more clear criteria for the problem that the last criteria for zoning did not reflect the difference between the left and the right side of stream, or the designation of the excessive water friendly zone. On the other hand, the criteria for designation in this study reflect the characteristics of various river environments as well as the setting of assessment unit based on the physical characteristics of rivers, and other legal regulations and local situations should be adjusted and supplemented in administrative procedures.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.8 s.169
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• pp.637-644
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• 2006

In this study, the analysis of river naturalness and water quality were executed in the major rivers of the Nakdong River Basin. As a result, the assessment index of the General Evaluation was 1.428 to 4.107 as $1^{st}$ to $4^{th}$ grades. The River Shape was 1.929 to 4.429 as $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ grades and the River Environment was 1.774 to 3.643 as $1^{st}$ to $4^{th}$ grades. As well, evaluation of water quality showed that concentration of pH was 7.102 to 8.497 mg/l, BOD was 0.748 to 5.271 mg/l, DO was 5.077 to 12.335 mg/l and 55 was 3.658 to 19.960 mg/l. The correlation between river naturalness and water quality was analyzed to investigate similarity and independence of river naturalness evaluation index. It was shown that coefficient of correlation was low with value of -0.1503 to -0.5886, therefore, was evaluated as independent.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.386-390
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• 2006

In this study, the analysis of river naturalness and water quality were executed in the major rivers of the Nakdong River Basin. As a result, the assessment index of the General Evaluation was 1.428 to 4.107 as $1^{st}\;to\;4^{th}$ grades. The River Shape was 2.111 to 4.048 as $2^{nd}\;to\;4^{th}$ grades and the River Environment was 1.774 to 3.238 as $1^{st}\;to\;4^{th}$ grades. As well, evaluation of water quality showed that concentration of hydrogen ion was 7.102 to $8.49mg/{\ell}$, BOD was 0.748 to $5.271mg/{\ell}$, DO was 3.668 to $19.960mg/{\ell}$ and SS was $5.077mg/{\ell}$. The correlation between river naturalness and water quality was analyzed to investigate similarity and independence of river naturalness evaluation index. It was shown that coefficient of correlation was low with value of -0.1503 to -0.5886, therefore, was evaluated as independent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.243-246
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• 2009