• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.63-74
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• 2013

This study suggests that some of the negative arguments related to naturalized plants raised in academic discussions are unreasonable through an analysis of trends in the academia's research on naturalized plants in South Korea. A total of 117 academic papers related to "naturalized plants" on the Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) website were re-classified by space, the number of vascular plant species, the number of naturalized plant species, naturalization index (NI), and urbanization index (UI). Correlation between human interference and naturalized plant distribution, and between sizes of conservation areas and naturalized plant distribution were analyzed. According to the results, while there was a tendency between urban population and UI ($r^2$ = 0.70, p = .000), the number of visitors in national parks had no relation to either the NI or the UI (r = 0.028 and r = 0.013, respectively). Likewise, there was no correlation between national parks or conservation areas and naturalized plant distribution (r = 0.014, r = 0.17, respectively). The average NI and the UI of forest areas were approximately twice as low as those of national parks. In estimated regression equation, when one hypothesizes that the entire 4,952 taxa of plants growing in South Korea, the number of naturalized plants, combining paleo-naturalized plants and neo-naturalized plants, amounted to 2,398 taxa, 48.43%. In the academia, Korean Endemic Plants are less than one quarter of 4,952 taxa. Such results signify that, contrary to discussions in the academia, it is meaningless to distinguish between naturalized plants and native plants. In certain aspects, academic discussions on naturalized plants in Korea have proceeded in a manner similar to cultural exclusion by mono-culturalism in a multi-cultural environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.59-76
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• 2009

This study was conducted to supply basic data for restoration and management of forests in Civilian Control Zone, with surveying naturalized plants around abandoned military camps. The total study sites are 72 abandoned military camps, from Gosung in east region to Paju in west region of Civilian Control Zone. The naturalized index of total area is 12.6%, and naturalized index of east and middle regions are 12.1% and 8.4%. But its index of west region is 15.9%. These results are due to geographical characteristics. The east and middle regions are in steep mountainous districts, and so but west region is flat district, and so naturalized plants was imported by only army. But west region is in flat districts, and so imported method of naturalized plants is very various. The main naturalized plants are Ambrosia trifida and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior in Civilian Control Zone. The main dispersion pattern of naturalized plants are gravity dispersion pattern ($D_4$) and wind and water dispersion pattern ($D_1$). The all naturalized plants are photophilic plants in survey sites. And so, if abandoned military camps are recovered to forests, the naturalized plants are disappeared because of the change of sunlight condition. So it is necessary to manage and recover forests, even if that area is Civilian Control Zone.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.96-105
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data on managing naturalized plants and the ecological characteristics of urban streams by researching the naturalized plants distributed in Naedong Stream, Changwon-si. The results are as follows. The numbers of naturalized plants were summarized as 45 taxa: 18 families, 38 genera, 43 species and 2 varieties. There were 3 taxa of invasive alien plants: Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Sicyos angulaus. In an analysis of life forms, there were 2 taxa of megaphanerophytes, 1 taxa of nanophanerophytes, 3 taxa of chamaiphytes, 7 taxa of hemicryptophytes, 1 taxa of geophytes and 31 taxa of therophytes. The urbanized and naturalized indices were 16.6% and 25.1%, respectively. The results of an analysis by vertical structures showed that naturalized plants included 30 taxa upstream, 42 taxa midstream and 32 taxa downstream. For the urbanized index, upstream was 11.1%, 15.5% in midstream and 11.8% in downstream. For the naturalized index, upstream was 21.7%, 33.3% in midstream and 37.2% in downstream. An analysis of crossing structures showed at taxa of 39 naturalized plants on bank. 30 taxa along the riverside and 7 in the water. For the urbanized index, banks were 14.4%, riverside 11.1% and waterside 2.6% while the naturalized index included 30.5% on the banks, 30.6% along the riverside and 20.0% in the water. As regards the management of naturalized plants, because Remex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Sicyos angulaus have a negative impact on the ecosystem, they need to be efficiently controlled.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution status and environmental index of the naturalized plants and exotic plants In the 16 sites in Gayasan National Park from March to October 2004. The exotic plants were recorded as 88 taxa, 39 families, 72 genera, 82 species, 5 varieties and 1 form. The naturalized plants among the exotic plants were certified as 47 taxa. The Naturalized Ratio (NR) was 4.06% and the Urbanization Index (UI) was 17,74% in area of Gayasan National Park. The naturalized plants were distributed around the region that had accepted artificial disturbance however, it was so difficult to identify distribution of naturalized plants in the conserved area as well as natural vegetation without artificial turbulence. The naturalized plants appeared as almost all speciesas 37 taxa (72%) which both originated from Europe and North America. Although a national degree for integrated management plans of exotic plants is needed, distribution and steady management of exotic plants in Gayasan National Park are playing an important role in conservation and protection of natural species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.254-265
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• 2017

To elucidate occurrence patterns of naturalized plants in agroecosystems, we surveyed flora in uplands, orchards and rice paddy fields in middle regions (Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do) of Korea in summer and fall from 2013 to 2015. Our results showed that there are 77 species of naturalize plants in 54 genera and 20 families of vascular plants among total 420 species occurred in the agricultural areas composing 18.3% of naturalized index. Community compositions of both native and naturalized plants were different among agricultural types. We suggested that Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Bidens frondosa L. and Erigeron philadelphicus L. are capable of dispersal to other regions based on our results with getting to broaden distribution of naturalized plants. The mean naturalized index was the highest in the upland (25.1%) followed by in the orchard (23.0%) and the paddy field (16.1%), while the mean number of naturalized species was the highest in the orchard (21.8 species) followed by in the upland (16.6 species) and paddy field (10.3 species). The numbers of naturalized plants in the orchard were increased along with increasing size of the agricultural land and decreasing ecological area rate. In addition, the number of native species was significantly correlated with the number of naturalized species in the upland. Our results would provide useful information to manage dispersion of naturalized plants in agricultural ecosystems.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.288-296
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• 2004

This study was conducted from March to October 2003 to investigate the distribution status and environmental index of naturalized plants at 14 sites at rivers penetrating the downtown area of Gwangju Metropolitan City. The flora consisted of 309 taxa, 76 families, 211 genera, 273 species, 35 varieties and one form, while the naturalized plants consisted of 46 taxa, 14 families, 36 genera, 44 species and two varieties. The dominant species of Gwangju-cheon were nine taxa. Panicum dichotomiflorum, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album, Trifolium repens, Veronica persica, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Aster pilosus, Bidens frondosa and Taraxacum offici-nale. The dominant species of Hwangryong River were five taxa: Rumex crispus, Trifolium repens, Oenothera odorata, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Erigeron canadensis. At Yeongsan River appeared 16 dominant species: Patspalum distichum, Ckenopodium ficifolium, Lepidium apetalum, Erigeron annuus and Xanthium strumarium in addition to the same dominant species of Gwangju-cheon and Hwangryong River The Urbanization Index (UI) was 17.2% and the Naturalized Index (NI) was 14.9% at urban rivers of Gwangju. The naturalized plants consisted of 16 taxa, which originated in both Europe and North America. Based upon the UI and NI, the urban rivers and their riversides must be considered a major corridor for the invasion of naturalized plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was conducted in order to provide the necessary basic data, to establish management solutions and to improve biodiversity by calculating similarity index, urbanization index (UI), and disturbed index (DI) to understand current status of naturalized and invasive alien plants in Eulsukdo, Maekdo and Samnak ecological parks in Busan, South Korea. The numbers of naturalized plants identified in these parks were 76 taxa; 20 families, 53 genera, and 76 species. As a result of the similarity index analysis, the most similarity level (83.0%) was obtained at Eulsukdo and Maekdo parks. The numbers of invasive plants identified in the two parks were 11 taxa; Rumex acetosella L., Sicyos angulatus L., Solanum carolinense L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Hypochaeris radicata L., Lactuca serriola L., Solidago altissima L., Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom, Paspalum distichum L., and Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. Overall, UI and DI were 28.6% and 66.7%, respectively, indicating that the ecosystem disruption was serious.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.23 no.3_4
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• pp.69-83
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• 1980

Distribution of the naturalized plants in Korea was studied, based on the references reported by many authors from 1895 to 1980 and on the data obtained by survey of the present authors on 200 localities, 170 overpopulated areas and 30 islands in various size, in South Korea. We could describe 110 species in 27 families, including the pre-1945 records in North Korea. In this paper 14 naturalized species were newly described. Naturalized plants were characterized by dominated annual and hemigeophytes, 75.5% and 17.3%, respectively, in Raunkiaer's life form spectrum. The authors proposed two indices, i.e., Relative Naturalized Degree (RND) and Urbanization Index (UI). Increasing UI values or numbers of the naturalized plants in various localities were showed the correlation to the urbanized degree or population size in their localities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.184-201
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution status and invasional characteristics of the naturalized plants. The vascular plants in these areas were consisted of total 381 taxa: 81 families, 234 genera, 295 species, 2 subspecies, 66 verieties, 18 forms. Among the investigated vascular plants, naturalized plants (Sicyos angulatus, Barbarea vulgaris, Thlaspi arvense, Amorpha fruticosa, Trifolium pratense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Rumex acetosella etc.) were 41 taxa. The Naturalization Index (NI) was 10.70% and the Urbanization Index (UI) was 15.30% at Chuncheon city. The Invasion Index was 63.41% at urban river and 97.56% at stream high, 19.51% at urban forest area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2007

On the riparian zone of streams in the middle part of Korea, the distribution of naturalized plants was investigated. The species number and proportion of naturalized plants in each stream was increased from upstream to downstream of the stream and the highest proportion was observed at urban area of Jungryangcheon. A large number of naturalized plants has annual habit and European or North American origin. Highest similarity index of naturalized plants was observed between Hongcheongang and Naechoncheon. The percentage of herb plants showed positive relationship with that of naturalized plants in the steams, particularly high at the urban steam Jungryangcheon.