• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

Soil is polluted by an agricultural chemicals, the effluence of a crystal and sewage sludge, illegal discharging of waste water or waste matter and so on. Soil pollution that accompanies a groundwater and the crops contamination has a large effect on people's living. By polluters pay principle, when a soil was polluted, polluters take the responsibility of clean-up and compensation for damages. The character of the responsibility is a strict liability. When joint polluters exist in a soil pollution, they bear collective responsibility. But they are exempted from obligation in case of a natural calamity and war. The polluters who are poor contribution of pollution take a partition responsibility but it is not easy to prove that. The concerned parties of purification liability in a soil pollution are polluter, an owner or occupant of a contaminated site, and a grantee. But when we do not appoint the polluter or he cannot do a cleanup, municipal must put in effect the purification. In such a case, another parties who are related to the contamination should take upon themselves a liability. The province of responsible parties, therefore, is required to extend to an owner or operator of a facility, a carrier and lender.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2001

To identify the antioxidative peptides in the gelatin hydrolysate of bovine skin, the gelatin was hydrolyzed with serial digestions in the order of Alcalase, pronase E, and collagenase using a three-step recycling membrane reactor. The second enzymatic hydrolysate (hydrolyzed with pronase E) was composed of peptides ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 kDa, and showed the highest antioxidative activity, as determined by the thiobarbituric acid method. Three different peptides were purified from the second hydrolysate using consecutive chromatographic methods. This included gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column, ion-exchange chromatography on a SP-Sephadex C-25 column, and high-performance liquid chromatography on an octadecylsilane chloride column. The isolated peptides were composed of 9 or 10 amino acid residues. They are: Gly-Glu-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Ala-Hyp (PI), Gly-ProHyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly (PII), and Gly-ProHyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp (PIII), as characterized by Edman degradation and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The antioxidative activities of the purified peptides were measured using the thiobarbituric acid method, and the cell viability with a methylthiazol tetrazolium assay The results showed that PII had potent antioxidative activity on peroxidation of linoleic acid. Moreover, the cell viability of cultured liver cells was significantly enhanced by the addition of the peptide. These results suggest that the purified peptide, PII, from the gelatin hydrolysate of bovine skin is a natural antioxidant, which has potent antioxidative activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.245-253
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• 2014

A fibrinolytic enzyme was produced by an edible mushroom of Pleurotus ostreatus using submerged culture fermentation. The enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant by applying a combination of freeze-thaw treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatographies. The enzyme was purified by a 147-fold, with a yield of 7.54%. The molecular masses of the enzyme an determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE were 13.6 and 18.2 kDa, respectively. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 8.52. It hydrolyzed fibrinogen by cleaving the ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ chains of fibrinogen followed by the ${\gamma}$ chains, and also activated plasminogen into plasmin. The enzyme was optimally active at $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.4. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by EDTA, whereas protease inhibitors of TPCK, SBTI, PMSF, aprotinin and pepstatin showed no inhibition on its activity. The partial amino acid sequences of the enzyme as determined by Q-TOF2 were ATFVGCSATR, GGTLIHESSHFTR, and YTTWFGTFVTSR. These sequences showed a high degree of homology with those of metallo-endopeptidases from P. ostreatus and Armillaria mellea. The purified enzyme can also be applied as a natural agent for oral fibrinolytic therapy or prevention of thrombosis.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

To improve water quality for agricultural use, it is needed to introduce the natural and low-cost self-purification system. It is also necessary to develop the water purification facilities for more efficient and convenient design, construction, operation and management. This study aims to develop the practical facilities to improve water quality for agricultural use. The practical detention pond system, which uses artificial floating island and shield skirts with bio-media, enhanced removal efficiencies of SS, TN and TP more particularly than the detention pond using an auxiliary dam. The removal efficiencies SS, TN and TP for the practical detention pond were 55.7%, 61.0% and 55.9%, respectively. The facilities of the practical detention pond has a lot of disadvantages such as the low-cost and high efficiency as well as uncountable impacts regarding ecology and landscape. However, an auxiliary dam is recommended to be installed in shallow depth due to low efficiency.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.677-681
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• 1999

Purificationi of egg yolk immunoglobulin(IgY) was performed to understand the property of egg immunoglobulin. IgY differs from mammalian IgY in the molecular size(larger), isoelectric point(more acidic), and binding ability with mammalian complement and protein A(nonbinding ability). IgY is also known as ${\gamma}$-livetin and exists in egg yolk together with other two water-solubel proteins, ${\alpha}$-livetin(chicken serum albumin) and ${\beta}$-livetin(${\alpha}_2$-glycoprotein) and various lipoproteins(Low density lipoprotein, LDL and High density lipoprotein, HDL) which are the major components of egg yolk. The first step of isolation of IgY is to separate the water-solube proteins from lipoproteins. We report a simple method for separation of water soluble proteins using k-carrageenan and sedimentation. k-carrageenan was found to be effective for removal of yolk lipoprotein as a precipitate. IgY remained supernatant, and was isolated by chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sephacel and G 75 gel filtration chromatography.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 1998

Nitric oxide synthase, NOS (EC.1.14.13.39), was purified from bovine pancreas over 5,500-fold with a 7.6% yield using 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation, and $2^1$,$5^1$-ADP-agarose and calmodulin-agarose affinity chromatography. The purified bovine pancreatic NOS (bpNOS) showed a single band on SDS-PAGE corresponding to an apparent molecular mass of 160 kDa, whereas it was 320 kDa on non-denaturating gel-filtration. This indicated a homodimeric nature of the enzyme. The specific activity of the purified bpNOS was 31.67 nmol L-citrulline fored/mtn/mg protein and an apparent $K\textrm{m}$ for L-arginine was 15.72 $\mu\textrm{M}$, The enzyme activity was dependent on $Ca^{2+}$ and calmodulin, and to a lesser extent on NADPH, FAD and FMN. $H_4B$ was not required as a cofactor for the activity. In an inhibition experiment with L-arginine analogues, $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine (NNA) had the most potent inhibitory effect on bpNOS, and $N^{G}$, $N^{G1}$-dimethyl-L-arginine (symmetric; sDMA) did not have any inhibitory effect. Immunohistochemical analysis of the bovine pancreas using brain type NOS antibody (anti-bNOS antibody) revealed that acinar cells showed strong immunoreactivity against the antibody.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2000

A stream purification system was applied to the upper reaches of the Masan Reservoir to improve the water quality. This system consisted of two channels which were constructed on both sides of the stream, one side packed with crushed gravels and the other with plastic filter media. The system operated under low pollutant concentrations and high hydraulic loadings during a dry season to avoid clogging of the filter media. Removal rate and efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the channel packed with crushed gravel were $14.8g/m^3/d$ and 11.5%, and for the channel with plastic filter media, $50.1g/m^3/d$ and 13.5%, respectively. Removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (T-P) were 6.6% (gravel) and 10.0% (plastic media). These results indicated plastic filter media having relatively high specific surface areas were more efficient than crushed gravels in removing pollutants. However, due to low influent water quality during dry season, the removal efficiencies were low. The proportion of nitrate nitrogen to total nitrogen (T-N) of the inflow was high but, as the system operated under aerobic condition, nitrate nitrogen could not denitrified. Accordingly, total nitrogen was not attenuated with this system. To improve the reservoir water quality effectively, this system should be able to treat the storm runoff containing higher pollutant loadings. When the filter materials are clogged by the storm runoff instead of backwashing, it would be more efficient to replace them, Therefore, the use of natural materials which are light, easily obtaining and replaceable, and have high specific surface areas is recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.543-550
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• 2015

In this study, using soil brick with combined effective microorganisms and emergent plants was identified which it can increase the effect of conservation and improvement of water. Lab-test was consist of four kind of reactors and each of reactors were A(rawwater), B(soil brick), C(emergent plant) and D(soil brick+emergent plant). Iris pseudoacorus, Phargmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Zizania latifolia were used for emergent plant. Evaluation of application on various environment were performed on agricultural waterway and pond. The pH measurement test of soil brick was performed due to evaluate whether a strong alkaline water flows out of the soil brick. Result of lab-test, removal efficiency of D was better than removal efficiency of A presenting 20.9%, 27.9% 21.5%, 33.8% and 58.4% for $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Removal efficiency of soil brick on agricultural waterway was revealed to be 49.5%, 45.0%, 43.7%, 37.3% and 28.6% for $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP and TSS respectively. And removal efficiency of soil brick on the pond was revealed to be 12.7%, 10.5%, 9.32%, 10.4% and 36.3% for $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Result of pH measurement test of soil brick was neutral which was about 6 to 8.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.585-591
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• 2019

Most insect-resistant LMOs have been produced by applying Cry and Vip3Aa proteins. Vip3Aa protein is activated during the vegetative stage of Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) and the inhibitory activity of the Vip3Aa protein against pathogenic attacks from lepidopteran insect species is well known. However, a risk assessment of the Vip3Aa protein compared to the Cry protein has not been conducted in South Korea. This study demonstrates a possible risk assessment method for Vip3Aa protein against honeybees (Apis mellifera). For the risk assessment of the protein, we purified the recombinant Vip3Aa protein in Escherichia coli. The survival rate and symptoms of general intoxication of 4 months honeybees were measured after Vip3Aa exposure. These results indicated that there was no significant difference in the survival rate and the symptom between Vip3Aa and the control buffer. In this study, we established standard methods of Vip3Aa protein purification and oral adult toxicity test using A. mellifera as an LMO risk assessment technique for preserving the natural ecosystem of South Korea.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.267-277
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• 2010

Gas separation membranes have been developed for decades in various areas to replace the conventional processes. Membrane processes for gas separation have many advantages of energy saving, compact size, and easy scale-up. Nowadays, gas separation processes is widely spreaded in nitrogen generating system, hydrogen generating system, membrane dryer, on board inert gas generating system, natural gas purification, biogas purification and fuel cells. Carbon dioxide separation process using membrane would be a strong candidate of carbon dioxide capturing process. In order to broaden the scope of application of gas separation membranes, development of new materials which can overcome the borderline of Robeson's plot should be necessary, so that many researchers and companies are trying to develop the new materials like polymers containing cardo and spiro group and PIMs (polymers for intrinsic microporosity).