• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.62-74
• /
• 2023

Much attention has been focused on the Baekpoman area due to the archaeological achievements of the past, but studies on prehistoric times when villages began to form is insufficient, and the Bronze Age village landscape was examined in order to supplement this. In the area of Baekpo Bay, the natural geographical limit connected to the inland was culturally confirmed by the distribution density of dolmens, and the generality of the Bronze Age settlement was confirmed with the Hwangsan-ri settlement. Bunto Village in Hwangsan-ri represents a farming-based village in the Baekpo Bay area, and the residential group and the tomb group are located on the same hill, and it is composed of three individual residential groups, and the village landscape had attached buildings used as warehouses and storage facilities. In the area of Baekpo Bay, it spread in the Tamjin River basin and the Yeongsan River basin where Songgukri culture and dolmen culture were integrated, and the density distribution of the villages was considered to correspond to the distribution density of dolmens. In order to examine the landscape of village distribution, the classification of Sochon-Jungchon-Daechon was applied, and it was classified as Sochon, a sub-unit constituting the village, in that the number of settlements constituting the village in the Bronze Age was mostly less than five. There are numerical differences between Jungchon and Daechon, and the distribution pattern does not necessarily coincide with the hierarchy. The three individual residential groups of Bunto Village in Hwangsan-ri are Jungchon composed of complex communities of blood relatives with each family community, and a stabilized village landscape was created in the Gusancheon area. In the area of Baekpo Bay, Bronze Age villages formed a landscape in which small villages were scattered around the rivers and formed a single-layered relationship. Dolmens (tombs) were formed between the villages and villages, and seem to have coexisted. Sochondeul is a family community based on agriculture, and it is believed that self-sufficient stabilized rural villages that live by acquiring various wild resources in rivers, mountains, and the sea formed a landscape.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.32-51
• /
• 2016

This study examines, based on the database of the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics(ITKC), the garden plants and their symbolism, and the landscape culture recorded in 'Jipkyungjaeyoungsi(the Series of Poems on Gardens Poetry)' in relevance to traditional houses. First, Jipkyungjaeyoungsi had been continuously written since mid-Goryeo dynasty, when it was first brought in, until the late Joseon dynasty. It was mainly enjoyed by the upper class who chose the path of civil servants. 33 pieces of Jaeyoungsi(題詠詩) in 25 books out of a total of 165 books are related to residential gardens. The first person who wrote a poem in relation to this is believed to be Lee GyuBo(1168~1241) in the late Goryeo dynasty. He is believed to be the first person to contribute to the expansion of natural materials and the variation of entertainment in landscape culture with such books as 'Toesikjaepalyoung(退食齋八詠)', 'Gabeunjeungyukyoung(家盆中六詠)'and 'Gapoyukyoung(家圃六詠)'. Second, most of the poems used the names of the guesthouses. Out of the 33 sections, 19(57.5%) used 8 yeong(詠), then it was in the sequence of 4 yeong(詠), 6 yeong, 10 yeong, 14 yeong, 15 yeong, 16 yeong, 36 yeong(詠) and so on. In the poem writing, it appears to break the patterns of Sosangpalkyung(瀟湘八景) type of writings and is differentiated by (1) focusing on the independent title of the scenery, (2) combining the names of the place and landscape, (3) focusing on the name of the landscape. Third, the subtitles were derived from (1) mostly natural landscape focused on nature and garden plants(22 sections, 66.7%), (2) cultural landscape focused on landscape facilities such as guesthouses, ponds and pavilions(3 sections), (3) complex cultural scenery focused on the activities of people in nature(8 sections). Residents enjoy not only their aesthetic preferences and actual view, but the ideation of the scenery. Especially, they display attachment to and preference for vegetables and herbs, which had been neglected. Fourth, the percentage of deciduous tree population(17 species) rated higher(80.9%) compared to the evergreens(4 species). These aspects are similar results with the listed rate in 'Imwonkyungjaeji(林園經濟志)' by Seo YuGu [evergreen 18 species(21.2%) and deciduous trees 67 species(78.8%)] and precedent researches [Byun WooHyuk(1976), Jung DongOh(1977), Lee Sun(2006)]. Fifth, the frequency of the occurrence of garden plants were plum blossoms(14 times), bamboos(14 times), pine trees(11 times), lotus(11 times), chrysanthemum(10 times), willows(5 times), pomegranates(4 times), maple trees(14 times), royal foxglove trees, common crapemyrtle, chestnut trees, peony, plantains, reeds and a cockscombs(2 times). Thus, the frequency were higher with symbolic plants in relations to (1) Confucian norms(pine trees, oriental arbor vitae, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, bamboos and lotus), (2) living philosophy of sustain-ability(chrysanthemum, willow), (3) the ideology of seclusion and seeking peace of mind(royal foxglove ree, bamboo). Sixth, it was possible to trace plants in the courtyard and outer garden, vegetable and herb garden. Many symbolic plants were introduced in the courtyard, and it became cultural landscape beyond aesthetic taste. In the vegetable and herb garden, vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants are apparently introduced for epigenetic use. The plants that were displayed to be observed and enjoyed were the sweet flag, pomegranate, daphne odora, chrysanthemum, bamboo, lotus and plum blossom. Seventh, it was possible to understand garden culture related to landscaping materials through poetic words such as pavilions, ponds, stream, flower pot, oddly shaped stones, backyard, orchard, herb garden, flower bed, chrysanthemum fence, boating, fishing, passing the glass around, feet bathing, flower blossom, forest of apricot trees, peach blossoms, stroking the pine tree, plum flower blossoming through the snow and frosted chrysanthemum.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.333-336
• /
• 2008

During the excavation to find ancient rice seeds from the peat layer (12,500-14,800 bp based on 14 dating samples) of Soro-ri, Cheongwon-gun near Cheongju city, we found not only old rice seeds, but also other organic materials including insect fossil skeletons. Although no complete specimen was found in this study, some body parts were diagnotic enough for identifying species. Among the identified insect fossils, two species were successfully identified based on their characteristic forewing morphologies, e.g., cross-ridges on forewing. The two identified species, Plateumaris sericea and Donacia flemola or near, belong to Donaciinae in Chrysomelidae, and their larvae are known to feed on the root of wetland plants, mainly in Poaceae or Cyperaceae. Such finding proved that a wetland environment was maintained in Soro-ri at that time, and was suitable for such insects to survive. Therefore, evidence from the fossilized rice seeds, together with these insect fossils, clearly proved that the environment at that time was suitable for rice, a common Poaceae species, growing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.98-104
• /
• 2019

Paju Mok was the local administrative office of the Joseon Dynasty as the administrative and transportation center of western part of Gyeonggi-do and used as a Haenggung when the king visited the royal tomb of the Joseon Dynasty. Paju Mok Government Office was adjacent to Uiju-ro, which connects Hanyang and Uiju in the Joseon Dynasty. Paju Mok Government Office is an important place in the northern part of Gyeonggi, where the king stayed when he visited the Jereung, Hulleung which are located in the northern part of Hwanghae Province and Paju Yeongreung and Jangneung, Paju Mok Government Office was maintained until the 1900s. After the Japanese colonial Period, Government Office buildings are used for other purposes, and their function as a Government office is impaired. In addition, most of the buildings disappeared due to the Korean War, and now the state of Paju Mok Government Office was lost. In order to restore the lost Paju Mok Government Office, it is necessary to study the composition of Government Office, such as the place where Paju Mok Government Office is located and major buildings. Therefore, if you find out the location Estimation, spatial composition and size of Paju Mok Government Office by analyzing and analyzing ancient documents and ancient books related to Paju Mok Government Office, and the topographic map and cadastral map and land survey department during the Japanese colonial period, you can be used as basic data when restoring Paju Mok Government Office.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.121-138
• /
• 2018

We have examined the petrotectonic setting and magmatic evolution from petrochemical characteristics of major and trace elements for the Cretaceous volcanic rocks in and around the Mireukdo Island. The volcanic rocks, can be devided into Jusasan, Unmunsa, Yokji and Saryang subgroups on the ascending order, are classified as basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite on TAS diagram. Petrochemical data show that the rocks are calc-alkaline series, and suggest that erupted earlier medium-K series and later high-K series. The volcanic rocks provide a case in which the calc-alkaline magma are formed, not only from separate protoliths, but following separate paths from source to surface. Earlier and later subgroups take different paths to the surface respectively, and are emplaced in the shallow crust as a series of discrete magma chambers through the volcanic processes. After emplacement, each chamber evolves indepently through fractional crystallization with a little assimilation of wall rock. The volcanic rocks have close petrotectonic affinities with orogenic suite and subduction-related volcanic arc. The rhyolitic magma can be derived from calc-alkaline andesitic magma by fractional crystallization with crustal assimilation, which may be derived from a partial melt of peridotite in the upper mantle.

• Korean Business Review
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.43-56
• /
• 2008

Many tourists in the world are expected to visit Mongolia that has impression such as country of nature with no damage, broad prairie of Mongolia, unique world natural heritage of $13^{th}$ century designated by UNESCO, and nomad's life in self-sufficiency. Mongol tourism industry, which has been newly recognized since collapse in the socialism system in 1990, is abundant in historical and cultural resources In tourism. Nevertheless, a research is insufficient on tourism business, developmental sphere in tourism industry, tourism policy and tourism resource development. Accordingly, it is important to conduct tourism promotional survey and implementation of new ideas to develop and to attach more foreign tourists to Mongolia. The purpose of this study is to grasp factors to gain an interest of foreign tourists to select Mongolia as a destination. The aim was also to confirm differences in awareness and performance before and after a visit for foreign tourists to select a trip to Mongolia. Also, the level of factors is compared between expectation before the trip to Mongolia, and the actual satisfaction in tourists through IP analysis(IPA). Finally, to study the present situation of Mongolian tourism to improve its present situation by taking immediate concrete decision for the betterment of Mongolian tourism industry. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the exploratory factors analysis, reliability test, and One-way ANOVA were carried out by using SPSS 12.0 statistical program.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.419-477
• /
• 2017

In Space contains valuable natural resources. These provide a compelling reason for entrepreneurs, investors, and governments to pursue space exploration and settlement. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (CSLCA), however, makes significant advances in furthering U.S. commercial space industry, which explicitly allows U.S. citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' including water and minerals. Thus, some scholars argue that the United States recognizing ownership of space resources is an act of sovereignty, and that the act violates the Outer Space Treaty. This paper suggests that it is necessary to guarantee the right to resources harvested in outer space. More specifically, a private ownership of extracted space resources needs to promote new space business and industry. As resources on Earth become increasingly difficult and expensive to mine, it is clear that our laws and policies must encourage private appropriation of space resources. CSLCA which addresses all aspects of space resource extraction will be one way to encourage space commercial activity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.110-120
• /
• 2014

In this study, Chwibyeong studied only in the literature on the basis of the composition method through the book, Imwonkyungjeji. I tried to represent through the installation of facilities and planting of trees. I have obtained the following results. First, we presented the basic direction of Chwibyeong represented by analyzing the composition methods in the literature. Second, represented the Chwibyeong based on the results of the analysis of the literature. I was and comparative analysis of the content analysis literature the specificity of the method of manufacturing facilities and growth characteristics of trees that have been displayed during the represent process. Third, we derive how to manage trees that are grasped through the Chwibyeong represent process, how to manage the facility, such as the installation method. Currently, Chwibyeong is restored in the front of Changdeokgung Juhapru pavilion, but showing the appearance different from the appearance of Chwibyeong shown in the literature. Therefore, after the 18th century, prototype representation of Chwibyeong is intended to be able to find the traditional and the uniqueness. It has been used as an element of the garden of Korea, and intended to be an important role to find the flavor of the Korean garden.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2012

Excavated textiles provide very important research data on the costume culture of the Joseon dynasty. In particular, dyed textiles are indispensable for textile conservation research and for restoration of remains as well as for general costume culture research. Unfortunately, a prolonged burial environment causes the colors to change and gradually fade after excavation. Therefore, it is very difficult to identify the original color. In this study, natural dyed samples of red, yellow, purple and blue were prepared and analyzed using HPLC-PDA. Dyes of colorants extracted from excavated textile remains were analyzed by HPLC. In addition, mordants were analyzed using (SEM-EDX) in order to estimate the original color. The 16~17th Century's three samples were analyzed, sample 1, and 2 from Eunjin Song's Song Mun-Chang excavated at the Songchon-dong in Daejeon, and sample 3 from Yeosan Song's Song, Hee-Jong excavated at the Mokdal-dong in Daejeon. From the HPLC results, alizarin, purpurin, and indigo were detected on sample 1, alizarin and purpurin on sample 2, ellagic acid and indigo on sample 3. Therefore they were dyed with madder and indigo (sample 1), madder (sample2), pomagranted and indigo (sample 3). Al mordant was identified on three samples.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.319-331
• /
• 2018

The collection of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea, features a sansu folding screen that was created in 1940 to commemorate the sixtieth birthday of Soseok Kang Jin-Koo. It was created by six oriental painters, who were among the ten best painters in that era. The folding screen has been previously repaired and restored; however, owing to damage such as twisting of its wooden frame, abrasion, and moisture stains, rigorous conservation treatment is required. Hence, scientific research was conducted to analyze the textile, paper and pigments employed while creating the folding screen, to identify the associated material properties. Results showed that the textile used in the screen's picture and janghwang comprise synthetic fibers and natural fibers such as cotton and silk. Various types of papers were used in the folding screen, such as those from mulberry, herbaceous, and coniferous fibers. Furthermore, calcite deposits were found on the base of every picture, and certain colors employed by the artists appear to be produced from different pigments.