• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.229-240
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• 2008

Animal mucins have structural characteristics similar to human salivary mucins. Animal mucins have been regarded as suitable substances for saliva substitutes. Since animal mucin molecules in saliva substitutes and host-derived antimicrobial salivary molecules exist simultaneously in whole saliva and the pellicles of patients with dry mouth, interactions may occur between these molecules. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of animal mucins on peroxidase activity in solution and on the surface of hydroxyapatite(HA) surfaces. The effects of animal mucins on peroxidase activity were examined by incubating porcine gastric mucin(PGM) or bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) with either bovine lactoperoxidase(bLPO) or saliva samples. For solid-phase assays, immobilized animal mucins or peroxidase on three different HA surfaces(HA beads, HA disc, and bovine tooth) were used. Peroxidase activity was determined with an NbsSCN assay. The obtained results were as follows: 1. PGM enhanced the enzymatic activity of bLPO in solution phase. PGM did not affect the enzymatic activity of peroxidase in saliva sample(POS). 2. BSM did not affect the enzymatic activities of both bLPO and POS in solution phase. 3. HA-adsorbed PGM increased subsequent bLPO adsorption in all three HA phases. The activity of POS was increased on both the HA beads and bovine tooth. 4. The peroxidase activities on the HA beads and disc were increased when the HA surfaces were exposed to a mixture of bLPO and PGM. 5. The binding affinity of bLPO to PGM was greater than that of bLPO to BSM. Collectively, our results suggest that animal mucins affects the enzymatic activity of peroxidase on the HA surfaces as well as in solution. Saliva substitutes containing animal mucins may affect the function of antimicrobial components in natural saliva and saliva substitutes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1693-1699
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• 2008

Recent studies have suggested that inulin might be utilized as a prebiotics for the promotion of antimicrobial growth, but a major obstacle to the use of inulin has been its low bifidogenic effects, which were initially observed in the ceca of broiler chickens. Inulin has some problems with related to denaturation in air and lowering passage rate from upper digestive tract to caecum. To solve this problems, a newly developed compound derived by microencapsulation, inuloprebiotics, was hypothesized to enrich cecal bifidobacterial populations and reduce the colonization levels of Salmonella in the ceca of broiler chickens. The in vitro growth of intestinal beneficial bacteria including Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei grew effectively on the medium containing inulin, whereas the growth of Streptococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens was not differences among the treatment groups. Broiler chickens consumed chow diets containing 0.5%, 0.7% or 1.0% inuloprebiotics, or a control diet without inuloprebiotics supplementation. The chickens on the inuloprebioticssupplemented diets evidenced significantly higher cecal levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species as compared with the chickens on the control diet. The population of cecal E. coli and Salmonella was specifically reduced as the result of treatment with inuloprebiotics. However, we noted no significant differences in Bifidobacterium species, E. coli and Salmonella counts among the inuloprebiotics treatment groups. The inuloprebiotics-supplemented diets induced an increase in the serum IgG concentration. The thymus index was significantly increased in the broiler chickens that consumed diets containing 0.7% or 1.0% inuloprebiotics, with the exception of the chickens consuming the diet supplemented with 0.5% inuloprebiotics. These results indicate that the inuloprebiotic preparations exerted an immune system-promoting effect or selectively enriched the cecal Bifidobacterium species populations in the broiler chickens, and also suggest that inuloprebiotics may prove useful as a stable natural antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2007

The approval of use of certain food-grade phosphates as food additives in a wide variety of meat products greatly stimulated research on the applications of phosphates in foods. Although phosphates have never been classified as antimicrobial agents, a number of investigators have reported that phosphates have antimicrobial activities. Phytic acid is a natural plant inositol hexaphosphate constituting 1-5% of most cereals, nuts, legumes, oil seeds, pollen, and spores. In this study, we investigated antibacterial activities of sodium phytate(SPT), sodium pyrophosphate (SPP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on Escherichia coli O157:H7 on tryptic soy broth and in beef, pork and chicken. In tryptic soy broth, SPT, SPP and STPP at the concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a concentration-dependent manner. The bactericidal activity of SPT was the stronger than that of SPP or STPP at the same concentrations. In addition, the antibacterial effects of SPT, SPP and STPP at the concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% on Escherichia coli O157:H7 were also investigated in raw or cooked meats including beef, pork and chicken. SPT, SPP and STPP significantly inhibited the bacterial growth in a dose-dependant manner (p<0.05). The bactericidal effect of SPT was stronger than that of SPP or STPP. The addition of SPT, SPP and STPP in meats increased meat pHs. SPP and STPP also increased the levels of soluble orthophosphate in meats but STP did not. These results indicate that SPT is very effective for inhibition of bacterial growth and that can be used as a muscle food additive for increasing functions of meats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.325-347
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological, clinicopathological, microbiological, pathological observations and other tests from sudden death in feedlot cattle at the region of Sarari in Korea during the period from 1994 to 1999. Massive or sporadic occurrence of sudden death has been observed in 101 heads of 47 farmhouse. There were 20.8% in spring, 29.7% in summer, 16.8% in autumn, 32.7% in winter, and 62.3% in reproductive, 27.7% in growing, 5.0% in beef cattle, 5.0% in calf in prevalence of sudden death in cattle. Enterotoxemia(88.0%), pneumonia(3.5%), intestinal diarrhea(3.5%), liver abscess(1.5%) and indigestion(1.5%) were detected from 67 heads of sudden death cattle. In clinical observations, cattle were generally died of sudden recumbency with convulsions followed anorexia, depression, ataxia, muscular tremor, tachycardia and dyspnea without any premonitory symptoms. Epidemiological surveys showed no evidence that other factors such as pesticide, insecticide, fertilizer, chemical drug3 and those of others caused sudden death. Macroscopically, there were coagulation disorders of blood, congestion, edema and haemorrhage of lung, congestion and haemorrhages, watery and blood-tinged contents of small intestine. Histopathologically, we observed pulmonary congestion and haemorrhage, necrotic intestinal mucosa accompanied with haemorrhage and congestion, and also increased globule leukocytes between bronchial epithelia with mild pneumonia. Clinicopathologically, only elevation of blood glucose and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) was detected. Magnesium and calcium deficiency were not detected, but parasites were detected highly in normal and dead cattles. Microbiologically, Clostridium(Cl) pefringens were detected from small intestinal contents of 94% (63/67) of sudden death cattle and 51%(51/101) of slaughter cattle, and the population were $10^{6-8}$/cfu/$m\ell$ after 16~32 hours. Consequently, it was proved that the cause of death in cattle was enterotoxemia. Pathogenic test of mouse and goat inoculated with Cl perfringens type A toxin has been demonstrated as similar observation to natural cases. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, ampicillin, bacitracin, polymycin, cephalothin, penicillin, choramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline were highly susceptible, and amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxine, sulfamethazine were resistant. Cl perfringens were resisted for 4 hours in 3% formalin, 20 minutes in 4% phenol, 20 minutes in 0.5% mercuric chloride and 40 minutes in 0.1% sodium hydroxide, respectively. The useful method to prevent from occurrance of enterotoxemia in feedlot cattle was a dietary administration of antibiotics and miyari acid.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 2016

Helicobacter pylori primarily colonizes the human stomach. Infection by this bacterium is associated with various gastric diseases, including inflammation, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Although there are antibiotic regimens for the eradication of H. pylori, the resistance of this species against antibiotics has been continuously increasing. The natural compound plumbagin has been reported as an antimicrobial and anticancer molecule. In this study, we analyzed the inhibitory effect of plumbagin on H. pylori strain ATCC 49503 as well as the expression of various molecules associated with H. pylori growth or virulence by immunoblotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. We demonstrated the minimal inhibitory concentration of plumbagin on H. pylori through the agar dilution and broth dilution methods. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of plumbagin treatment on the expression of the RNA polymerase subunits and various virulence factors of H. pylori. Plumbagin treatment decreased the expression of RNA polymerase subunit alpha (rpoA), which is closely associated with bacterial survival. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of the major CagA and VacA toxins were decreased in plumbagintreated H. pylori cells. Likewise, the expression levels of urease subunit alpha (ureA) and an adhesin (alpA) were decreased by plumbagin treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that plumbagin may inhibit the growth, colonization, and pathogenesis of H. pylori by the mechanism demonstrated in this study.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2014

To develop effective and safe acne vulgaris therapies with a continuing demand for new solutions, we investigated unique efficacy of an antibacterial agent from marine brown alga Eisenia bicyclis in treating acne vulgaris. The methanolic extract of E. bicyclis exhibited potential antibacterial activity against acne-related bacteria. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity against the bacteria among solvent fractions. Six compounds (1-6), previously isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. bicyclis, were evaluated for antibacterial activity against acne-related bacteria. Among them, compound 2 (fucofuroeckol-A [FF]) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against acne-related bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32 to $128{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. Furthermore, FF clearly reversed the high-level erythromycin and lincomycin resistance of Propionibacterium acnes. The MIC values of erythromycin against P. acnes were dramatically reduced from 2,048 to $1.0{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ in combination with MIC of FF ($64{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$). The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of erythromycin and lincomycin were measured from 0.500 to 0.751 in combination with 32 or $64{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of FF against all tested P. acnes strains, suggesting that FF-erythromycin and FF-lincomycin combinations exert a weak synergistic effect against P. acnes. The results of this study suggest that the compounds derived from E. bicyclis can be a potential source of natural antibacterial agents and a pharmaceutical component against acnerelated bacteria.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.23
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• pp.95-102
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• 2008

To investigate bioactive materials for development of natural conservative agent on organic cultural heritage, methanol extracts from 11 wood species which populate in Korea were screened for antifungal and insecticidal activity against 9 wood contaminant fungi and adult of Lasioderma serricorne. Antifungal activity of extracts was tested by using paper disc soaking method and feeder strip test against wood-rot fungi and wood surface contaminant fungi. Among these extracts, the most significant antimicrobial activity was observed from the extract of Phellodendron amurense at 5 mg/disc against Coniophora puteana, Lentinus lepideus, Tyromyces palustris and Aspergillus niger. The insecticidal activity of extracts was examined by topical application against L. serricorne adults. The extracts from Taxus cuspidata and Abies holophylla gave 56.7 % mortality at 25 ${\mu}g$/adult for 24 hr. From these result, the methanol extract from T. cuspidata, A. holophylla and P. amurense described could be useful for conservation of organic cultural heritage against biological deterioration by insect and wood contaminant fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.778-785
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro antibacterial activities of pozzolan against super bacteria and intestinal bacteria. There were four treatment groups: 1) CON, pozzolan free control group; 2) DP0.3, microbial culture medium prepared by mixing distilled water and 0.3% of pozzolan powder; 3) DP0.5, microbial culture medium prepared by mixing distilled water and 0.5% of pozzolan powder; and 4) PE, microbial culture medium prepared with pozzolan powder extracts without adding distilled water. The count of Lacctobacillus casei was significantly higher in the DP0.3 group compared to CON (P<0.05). However, it showed no significant difference compared to other treatment groups. Numbers of Clostridium butyricum, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium were significantly lower in pozzolanic treatment groups compared to CON (P<0.05). Clostridium butyricum and Salmonella typhimurium counts were significantly different among DP0.3, DP0.5, and PE groups (P<0.05). Counts of E. coli were also significantly between DP0.5 and PE groups (P<0.05). Counts of MRSA and VRE were significantly lower in pozzolanic treatment groups compared to CON (P<0.05). MRSA counts were significantly different among DP0.5, DP0.3 and PE groups. VRE counts were significantly higher in the order of PE > DP0.3> DP0.5> CON (P<0.05). These results suggest that pozzolan could be used as a dietary silicate supplement and a natural antibacterial agent for livestock if its antimicrobial activity against super bacteria and harmful bacteria in the intestine is confirmed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.663-666
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• 2015

In this research, botanical extracts containing green tea, Saururus chinensis and Prunus padus were tested to see possibility as shampoo. Leaves of Green tea and Saururus chinensis were extracted with hot water. Prunus padus bark extract was applied reverse osmosis and ultrasonic extraction. When interfacial tension was measured among shampoo including botanical extracts, Sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS) and Quillaja Bark Saponin(QBS), that of shampoo was lower than that of SDS and QBS at lower concentration, however, it showed similar interfacial tension at 100% concentration. Shampoo showed moderate antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Botanical extract did not indicate cell toxicity up to $350{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in MTT assay. Shampoo containing botanical extract was stable for 3 months, however, it showed considerable variation in pH and viscosity. In conclusion, shampoo containing botanical extract shows strong possibility for natural shampoo if the formulation is modified.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

Gargle solution has typically been used for the prevention of oral infectious disease such as dental caries and periodontitis. However, the use of most gargle solutions is controversial in application for children because some gargle solutions have harmful side effects. Electrolyzed water is generated by passed an electric current and has antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of electrolyzed water in various conditions for eliminating cariogenic bacteria. Electrolyzed water was generated by a platinum electrode in the presence of sodium chloride at various concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were cultivated into a brain heart infusion broth. After harvesting planktonic bacteria, the pellets were treated with the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions and plated on a mitis-salivarius agar plate. Also, the anti-biofilm activity of the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions was investigated after biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The bacteria in the biofilm were plated onto a mitis-salivarius agar plate. The plates were incubated, and the colony forming unit was measured. The electrolyzed water containing sodium chloride showed significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus as well as some gargle solutions. Furthermore, the electrolyzed water had more disruptive effect on the biofilm of S. mutans and S. sobrinus and killed more bacteria in the biofilm than commercial gargle solutions. The results demonstrate that electrolyzed water may be a useful gargle solution for prevention of dental caries.