• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.877-883
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• 2009

Shaking table tests are performed to evaluate the dynamic group pile effect in fine sand. Single pile tests and $2{\times}4$ group pile tests are performed on 3D pile spacing. Dynamic p-y backbone curves are obtained to evaluate dynamic group pile effect by using dynamic p-y curve of single pile. And dynamic group pile p-multiplier is estimated by dynamic p-y backbone curve. Dynamic p-multiplier can be calculated by using subground reaction ratio of dynamic p-y backbone curve which is the same displacement of p-y curve peak point As the result, dynamic group pile effects are evaluated in terms of a shaking frequency, a shaking acceleration, and a relative density. Dynamic group pile p-multiplier is the largest at lead pile, and the value decrease at middle pile and trail pile. p multiplier increases as increasing input acceleration and decreasing relative density. This results coincide with NCHRP's research which suggest p multiplier increases as increasing pile cap displacement.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for developing the effective park management. For this, satisfaction factors and estimated model by satisfaction variables of visitors analyzed through a questionnaire survey in Weolchulsan National Park, Korea. In the evaluation of the satisfaction, variables of 'lack of visit program' was most unsatisfied, and 'lack of facility', 'charge of fee', 'lack of pamphlet & information facility' were more unsatisfied than any other variables. Satisfaction factors by Factor Analysis were loaded with 'facility management', 'usual management'. In estimated model of satisfaction by Multiple Regression Analysis showed in order of 'negative impacts of trail', 'lack of safety facility'.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2021

An alien plant of unrecoreded Kickxia (Plantaginaceae) was found in Korea. K. eltine (L.) Dumort. was distirbuted in Yangju-si, Gyoenggi-do and Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do. This species can be distinguished from the other related genera by having stems that trail along the groud without putting down roots, and the leaves are sagittate, or shaped like arrowheads with longer, narrower, pointed lobes opposite the shorter tip. The new Korean names is given, as 'Hae-ran-cho-a-jae-bi' to Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Here, we provide precise description, illustrations, photographs and taxonomic key to related genera and species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.454-465
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• 2020

This study measured the present number of encounters and established the evaluation criterion for the allowable number of encounters in the Seoseokdae summit area (SSA) of Mudeungsan National Park to examine managerial conditions of the number of visitors to the Seoseokdae trail section (STS). Data were obtained from a questionnaire survey of 263 visitors to STS selected through convenient sampling during June 2019. The average number of encounters in SSA was 18.7. Most of the respondents (95.4%) encountered fewer than 30 other visitors. The average maximum number of simultaneous users (AMNSU, measured at 15-minute intervals) in SSA was 13.4 persons (range: 3~31 persons). The AMNSU by the hour was the highest with 21.0 persons at 13-14, followed by 19.8 persons at 11-12, 15.5 persons at 14-15, 15.3 persons at 12-13, 12.3 persons at 10-11, and 10.8 persons at 8-9. Acceptable encounter number (AEN) developed by long-question format (LQF) was 59.2 persons, and that by short-question format (SQF) was 55.1 persons. AEN of the respondents who preferred "near-nature experience" at 27.5 persons was fewer than those who preferred "resort/tourism area like experience" at 46.6 persons. The present number of encounters and AMNUS (range: 3~31 persons) in SSA were fewer than AENs derived from LQF (59.2 persons) and SQF (55.1 persons). Eighty-three percent of the respondents preferred "near-nature experience," while only 10.5% of the respondents preferred "resort/tourism area like experience." 78.4% of the respondents did not perceive that SSA was crowded. The absolute majority of the respondents (92.3%) answered higher personal AEN than the perceived encounter numbers (PEN). The gaps between the personal AEN and the PEN were negatively correlated with perceived crowding.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.60-73
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• 2011

Since Jeju Ollegil opened in September 2007 and attracted the sensation of popularity throughout the country, the interest in 'Walking Trails' has increased, and the central ministries and the local governments composite and assign various 'Walking Trails'. Walking trails are not tours on which people go to see one spot and move to another spot by vehicle, but a long linear journey that leads people to see, to feel and to experience a region's landscape and culture while walking on the trail. 'Walking Trails' are efficient routes to discover and to use a former way and to link the various ecological regions' histories and cultural resources, so it is most important to select a route. Although the routes were selected by considering the various planning factors and giving each route a specified theme, some problems like the inconvenience of visitors caused by lack of facilities have occurred. After designation and construction of the trails, they were not properly evaluated by visitors. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to suggest a better way to construct the trails by surveying visitor satisfaction and by analyzing the impact of planning a route on visitor satisfaction at Bukhansan Dulegil which was completed. For this study, with a questionnaire based on the literature review to identify the important planning factors for selecting a route, a survey was conducted on visitor satisfaction for each section and their intention to revisit and to recommend that trail. Based on the characteristics of each section that was identified in the field research, the trails were classified into five types and satisfaction of each type and each type was analyzed. In addition, analyzing the impact of planning factors on satisfaction, the impact of satisfaction on revisiting and recommending and visitors' perception of the theme, further improvement for better construction of the trail was presented. Satisfaction of sectors with strong natural elements was higher; 'walking comfort' was the highest planning factor affecting satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction was surveyed to have high influence on revisiting and recommending.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2003

Objectives: It is known that sedative hypnotics would make cross tolerance with alcohol and deteriorate quality of sleep in alcoholics. Light therapy is effective non-pharmacological intervention for sleep disturbance in circadian phase disorders, jet-lag, shift-work and age-related sleep disorders. Authors would investigate the effects of morning light therapy on sleep of patients with alcohol dependence during recovery state without withdrawal symptoms. Methods: 13 patients with alcohol dependence who have not any alcohol withdrawal symptom were recruited. Light therapy during 1 hour in the morning had been administered by 2500 Lux light box through serial 3 days. Sleep state of subjects were assessed by sleep log and the subjective satisfaction at sleep was by 100 mm visual analogue scale. Sleepiness, depressive mood, anxiety were evaluated by 100mm visual analogue scale at 8 AM, 2 PM and 8 PM. For assessment of performance ability that would be associated with sleepiness and vigilance, trail making test A, B and digit symbol substitution test were performed by two times on base line and 4th day. Univariate repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed for each measures except performance tests which were analysed by paired t-test. Results: Sleep latency and sleep efficiency were significantly improved with light therapy and satisfaction at sleep was. There was no significant difference in sleepiness at 2 PM with light therapy but sleepiness at 8 AM significantly decreased and at 8 PM increased. The time to complete Trail making test and digit symbol substitution test were significantly shortened at 4th day compared with baseline. Fatigue at 8 AM were not significantly changed with light therapy but at 2 PM and 8 PM significantly decreased. Depressive mood and anxiety were not significantly changed with light therapy. Conclusion: Although this study had some limitations, it showed that light therapy would be effective modality on sleep disturbance of patients with alcohol dependence who have recovered from alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It is proposed that short term light therapy could be used clinically for alcoholics with insomnia. In the future, long term controlled studies using more objective tools for sleep are required to further investigate the effect of light therapy in alcoholics.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.217-232
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• 2015

This study is to examine the section-based stream management with environmental characteristics and user monitoring. In Jeonjucheon, upstream section located near to Jeonju Hanok village has very good water quality and natural stream landscape. In case of mid/down streams, water quality is good and heavy concentration of facility leads to high use rates of these sections. The questionnaire consists of 5 parts: user characteristics, use behavior, citizen participation, importance rank, and Importance-Satisfaction(IS). 383 out of 454 responses with listwise deletion are used for demographic analysis and IS Analysis. In terms of citizen participation through 'ecological experience activity' and 'stream stewardship activity', 'occasional participation' shows the average of 78% in all three sections. For importance rank, the results arranged in order of priority show 'water quality' > 'green corridor' > 'trail' in up/down streams and 'water quality' > 'vegetation management' > 'trail' in midstream. Therefore, 'water quality' appears to be the most important variable among 13 variables. At last, the results of ISA indicate that all 10 variables need to be improved as satisfaction is lower than importance. In addition, 'plant management' variable falls into 'concentrate here' quadrant where importance is high and satisfaction is low.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2013

This study analyzed the consciousness and attitudes of local residents to the development plan of Sobaeksan Jarackgil by applying the social exchange theory to provide basic data for the establishment of the Mountainous Ecology Trail Development Plan, collecting opinions of local residents. For this, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey and personal interview targeting 150 residents of seven villages. Summarizing the results, first, because of analyzing the consciousness of the residents, most of the local residents turned out to be aware of the Sobaeksan Jarackgil development plan and agreed on it. Second, as a result of analyzing the consciousness of residents, for attitudes according to gender, females expected more than males of exchanging with visitors and excavation of cultural assets. Furthermore for attitudes according to age, groups aged under 60 turned out to be concerned about the increase of environmental pollutions, rise in crimes, destruction of cultures, and the induction of conflicts among residents. For attitudes according to occupations, farm workers were worried about the destruction of ecology, and for local characteristics and damages to the landscape, all of the local residents turned out to be concerned. It was shown that groups that agreed on the development plan expected positively on most of the items of economic, environmental, and sociocultural aspects, while those that disagreed on the plan were anxious for negative effects such as landscape damages and the increase of environmental pollutions from the environmental point of view, and the induction of conflicts among residents from the point of sociocultural perspective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.63-75
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• 2017

This study carried out for establishing the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Mudeung National Park based on the results of conservation value assessment for yellow-throated marten habitats. Yellow-throated marten has significant implications as umbrella species for the wildlife habitats conservation, therefore, this species could be used to ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Mudeung National Park. In this study, we diagnosed the quality of yellow-throated marten habitats in Mt. Mudeung National Park based on five natural and two artificial factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by trails quantitatively based on land use intensity. As a result, forest landscape quality in Mt. Mudeung National Park was influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on the intensity of trails. Therefore, in this study, we suggested the closing of trails composed of the illegal and 36 legal trails. And then, we modeled the changes of habitats quality of Yellow-throated marten for each closing step. As a result the area of core habitats increased by two times and wildlife habitats quality improved in the whole area of the Mt. Mudeung National Park. As a result, the results of this study indicate that man-made linear landscape elements play a key role in the quality of habitats for predators, which require large habitats area like the Yellow-throated marten. Therefore, in order to establish an ecological restoration plan in the mountainous area, we recommend the concept of the linear landscape should be applied with the concept of area landscape.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the complex anatomical structure and function of the midbrain to better understand the patient's symptoms and plan effective treatment including pharmacological and rehabilitation interventions. Design: A single case study Methods: A 17-year-old girl presented with acute onset of drowsiness, gait disturbance, mutism, and ptosis. Physical examination revealed postural instability, rigidity of all limbs, and limitations in extraocular movement. The brain MRI revealed an isolated acute infarction in the bilateral midbrain. Considering the location of the infarction, the presenting symptoms were the result of an impairment of the dopaminergic pathway in addition to lesions in the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve. Levodopa/carbidopa was prescribed. And the intensive and comprehensive rehabilitation program was done. Results: As a result of the study, through comprehensive intervention, which encompassed assessments such as the manual muscle test, Korean Modified Barthel Index score, and Trail-making test, significant enhancements in the patient's condition were observed. These findings provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of the intervention in promoting the patient's physical functioning and overall well-being. Conclusions: The results of this case highlight the significance of comprehending the intricate anatomical structure and functional aspects of the midbrain, which led us to approach appropriate pharmacological and rehabilitation interventions. Through active communication among the medical team, we were able to establish a therapeutic plan, which demonstrated that effective treatment can be achieved.