• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the users' behaviors and to suggest development strategies in Uljin Kumgang pine tree(Pinus densiflora for. erecta) eco-forest(UKPEF), which is located in Kyeongbuk. The data were collected by interviewing 122 visitors to september 3 from august 29, 2007 with a constructed questionnaire. The results of the analysis are as follows. 1. The major visitors of UKPEF are male and the age between 20 to 30, the residents of the Uljin county with relatively high academic background. 2. The motive of visiting UKPEF is mainly by the beauty and taste of Kumgang pine tree and the condition of the forest. The visitors are mainly composed of family, not big group. 3. The visitors of UKPEF have obtained information about the Kumgang fine tree forest mainly from friends, not from the internet or travel agency. 4. The visitors of UKPEF pointed out lack of convenient facilities such as toilets and water-supply facilities. However, visitors are satisfied by the condition of the forest. 5. The visitors of UKPEF set a high value on Kumgang fine tree, So, more active marketing strategy about Uljin Kumgang pine tree has to be established. 6. The visitors of UKPEF are more satisfied by the Uljin Kumgang pine tree forest than expected. The development strategies of UKPEF are suggest as follows. (1) Auto tram system has to be set up and new trail should be constructed to attract more visitors and people of other regions. (2) To attract group tourists, new program should be developed. (3) Advertisement through internet or travel agency has to be developed. (4) Government(local) should make a plan to register the forest as World natural heritage. (5) Monitoring and evaluation system has to be developed to satisfy tourists. In conclusion, the efforts of taking care of and preserving the UKPEF should be made at the national level. I hope that more Koreans can have chance to feel and experience the value and excellence ofthe Uljin Kumgang pine tree(Pinus densiflora for. erecta)

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.123-158
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• 2009

An attempt was made to stimulate future research by providing exemplary information, which would integrate published knowledge to solve specific pest problem caused by resistance. This review was directed to find a way for delaying resistance development with consideration of chemical(s) nature, of mixture, rotation, or mosaics, and of insecticide(s) compatible with the biological agents in integrated pest management (IPM). The application frequency, related to the resistance development, was influenced by insecticide activity from potentiation, residual period, and the vulnerability to resistance development of chemical, with secondary pest. Chemical affected feeding, locomotion, flight, mating, and predator avoidance. Insecticides with negative cross-resistance by the difference of target sites and mode of action would be adapted to mixture, rotation and mosaic. Mixtures for delaying resistance depend on each component killing very high percentage of the insects, considering allele dominance, cross-resistance, and immigration and fitness disadvantage. Potential disadvantages associated with mixtures include disruption of biological control, resistance in secondary pests, selecting very resistant population, and extending cross-resistance range. The rotation would use insecticides in high and low doses, or with different metabolic mechanisms. Mosaic apply insecticides to the different sectors of a grid for highly mobile insects, spray unrelated insecticides to sedentary aphids in different areas, or mix plots of insecticide-treated and untreated rows. On the evolution of pest resistance, selectivity and resistance of parasitoids and predator decreased the number of generations in which pesticide treatment is required and they could be complementary to refuges from pesticides To enhance the viability of parasitoids, the terms on the insecticides selectivity and factors affecting to the selectivity in field were examined. For establishment of resistant parasitoid, migration, survivorship, refuge, alternative pesticides were considered. To use parasitoids under the pressure of pesticides, resistant or tolerant parasitoids were tested, collected, and/or selected. A parasitoid parasitized more successfully in the susceptible host than the resistant. Factors affecting to selective toxicity of predator are mixing mineral oil, application method, insecticide contaminated prey, trait of individual insecticide, sub-lethal doses, and the developmental stage of predators. To improve the predator/prey ratio in field, application time, method, and formulation of pesticide, reducing dose rate, using mulches and weeds, multicropping and managing of surroundings are suggested. Plant resistance, predator activity, selective insect growth regulator, and alternative prey positively contributed to the increase of the ratio. Using selective insecticides or insecticide resistant predator controlled its phytophagous prey mites, kept them below an economic level, increased yield, and reduced the spray number and fruits damaged.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2007

To investigate the cause of the mass mortality during rockbream, Oplegnathus fasciatus seed production, the water quality and bacterial counts of sea water in breeding tanks was measured 20days post the hatch. During breeding of rockbream fry, the environmental factors of water quality were detected as pH, ammonia COD, phosphate at the supply of the food organisms and the seawater. pH was decreased from the 8.21 of the 1 day per hatch (dph) to 7.56 of the on the 7 dph. Ammonia was conversely increased 0.49 ppm of the 1 dph to 0.85 ppm of 10 dph. As the adding of the chlorella and the rotifer tanks, COD was increased the 3.3 times and 1.2 times than those of pre-adding respectively. The phosphate and the ammonia were also increased 1.7 and 2.3 times, with adding the chlorella respectively, which exceeded the second grade for sea water evaluation level, 0.015 ppm and 0.1 ppm respectively. Water quality was not improved by PSB (Photosynthetic Bacteria) treatment, which increased the value of COD in 1.7 times, phosphate in 2.7 times and ammonia in 1.4 times. The number of the bacteria was also increased along the dph. According to the treatment of chlorella, the number of total bacteria increased in 1.4 times and those of Vibrio sp. 1.6 times. The lethal concentration of ammonia was investigated that over than 10 ppm could killed the fry of rockbream within 28 hrs, but 40% in 2 ppm.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.239-255
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to understand middle school Home Economics teachers' family value and needs on learning objectives of family life area, and to identify the relationship between the two. Data was collected from the survey mailed to the teachers responsible for family life area in $\lceil$Technology/Home Economics$\rfloor$ in middle schools in Korea. The collected 312 questionnaires were used for final analysis. SPSS/WIN program was used for calculating average, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA with post-verification scheffe., and correlation analysis. Followings are the summary of the results of this study. Firstly, the family value of middle school Home Economics teachers was relatively modern. They had very modem sense of value in all of the sub-areas such as sense of value on marriage. on gender role. on children, on filial love, and familism. Secondly, regarding needs on family life area of learning objects of Home Economics teachers, the requirement on emancipatory system of action was the highest. technical system of action was the next, and Communicative System of Action was the lowest. Thirdly, in the relationship between the needs of teaming objects of family life area and the family value, the needs of technical and interpretive behavioral system had few things to do with the family value. However. the needs on teaming object needs of emancipatory system of action was higher as the family value was modern. The trend in the relationship with needs was same in all the sub-areas such as sense of value on marriage, on gender role, on children. on filial love, and familism. However, the family value and the achievement level of family life area goals did not show significant correlation. Fourthly, regarding the family value and the needs on teaming objectives of family life area of middle school Home Economics teachers, those who were female, who had certificates for Home Economics Teaching, who were young and who had less experiences in teaching had more modem family value and required more teaming objectives in emancipatory system of action. Considering the results of the study, it is needed to emphasize the learning objects of emancipatory system of action in family life education by inducing consensus on the proposition that Home Economics subject is a critical and practical subject. To do this. it is needed to provide Home Economics teachers with emancipatory interest and mature family value through educating and refreshing them. It is desirable to separate Technology and Home Economics so that certificated Home Economics teachers could teach family life area. In that case they can teach the subject in the point of practical criticism. If the area is to be taught by other subject teachers there should be enough understanding on the philosophy and nature of Home Economics subject beforehand.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.3 s.37
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• pp.83-96
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• 2005

To assess the food intake and diet quality of high school students who live in Chuncheon area, a dietary survey using 24-hour recall method was conducted with 318 subjects. $71.4\%$ of total food intake was in the form of plant foods and the rest on the form of animal food. Diet quality was assessed by food group pattern, dietary diversity score(DDS), and dietary variety score(DVS). When counting the major food groups consumed, $37.1\%$ of subjects had a DDS of 3 and $48.4\%$ of subjects had a DDS of 4. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only $14.5\%$ of subjects consumed foods from all five groups. On average, subjects habitually consumed 26.7 different foods daily, with the mean score of diet variety for males (27.3) being significantly higher than for females (25.8) . Correlation coefficients between nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and DVS ranged from r=0.39 for vitamin $B_2$ to r=0.61 for phosphorus. NAR also improved as the number or foods or rna groups consumed increased (p<0.001). Associations between the NAR and high level of DVS was more positive than those between the NAR with DDS. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. Therefore, to lead them to have nutritionally balanced diet, educating students and their parents on nutrients and suggesting guidelines for a desirable diet is considered to be essential so that they can intake from all of major food group and have various foods in their diet.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.777-790
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of teachers who apply Smart-technology in elementary school STEAM class and the reasons, difficulties when applying the technology and required support. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with six elementary school teachers with specialized knowledge in STEAM education who have experienced STEAM lessons several times before. The research findings are as follows: First, research participants utilized a variety of Smart-technology in STEAM class, most of which were experiential or interactive technology. Among the STEAM learning criteria, the Smart-technology in 'Creative Design' course was most often applied. Second, they adopted Smart Technology in STEAM class to encourage students to feel interested, actively participate in the class, enjoy indirect experience, and nurture interest in state-of-the-art technology. They used it to prepare for future societies and organize classes that are suitable for STEAM learning criteria. They also used Smart-technology because it was easy to use. Third, they found it difficult to find, secure, and use suitable Smart-technology when applying Smart-technology in the STEAM class. They also had trouble restructuring the curriculum. In addition, there were difficulties in using Smart-technology in the class such as lack of class hours, increased level of activity, insufficient physical environment and unexpected malfunction of Smart-technology, thus interrupted the class. After the class, it was hard to manage Smart-technology and also, there were difficulties in assessment, record, and negative awareness of surrounding people. Fourth, they mentioned that's suggesting education guidelines, develop, and distribute educational materials are required to enable 'Creative Design,' reduce educational content, provide training, secure Smart-technology equipment and provide Wi-Fi, support teacher's club and communities and create an atmosphere to emotionally support teachers in order to activate using Smart-technology in STEAM class.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.215-236
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• 2016

This paper is related to a study on safety management of cosmic radiation in the aviation area, and as a comprehensive study encompassing not only aviation crew but also aviation traffic users, presents issues on an exposure to the cosmic radiation which authors predict may be intensified in a time to come. Although the government of the Republic of Korea has recently activated regulations related to the cosmic radiation, the following improvement measures are further urged to be carried out not only as a regulatory improvement for pushing ahead with effectiveness but also as a supplementary tool. Firstly, a dose limit corresponding to the international standard needs to be applied. Since the dose limit imposed by the Korean government is improperly higher than the international dose limit of the cosmic radiation, the present dose limit needs to be re-established in a range of "not exceeding the international recommendation". Secondly, a new methodology is needed such that aviation companies observe a yearly effective dose limit of passengers. A fact that only aviation crew is specified but passengers are excluded in the related regulation is based on a recommendation presented by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). According to the recommendation, Korean government excluded passengers in the "Cosmic Radiation Safety Requirements for Crew". Among the present aviation regulations, there exists a protection standard for protecting aviation traffic users. However, it presents a damage protection only for ticket-related issues. Since this regulatory weakness provides a cause of endangering national health, the authors believe that an improvement in the regulation is needed without sticking to the recommendation from the ICRP. To this end, new regulations are strongly demanded from aspects of not only legal but also regulatory areas. The dose limit in accordance with the international standard is established. However, at least a minute amount of cosmic radiation is continuously acting on all people of Korea. Since more and higher level of cosmic ration may exist in the aviation space, an improved method of representing the minute amount of cosmic radiation in figures. As a result, a desirable regulation may be established for protecting not only crew but also aviation traffic users from being exposed to the cosmic radiation via a legislation of the desirable regulation.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.143-162
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• 1998

This is a study for the construction of nursing care based upon the Korean attitude toward medicine. Factors which were investigated include the source of nursing care, the reason for choosing care, the type of heath care chosen, the accessability of caregivers, and the desired location of death. The population examined in this study consisted of 517 adults distributed in six large cities and 191 adults from five rural communities. Data was analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, $X^2$ - test, t - test, F - test and scheffe post hoc contrast with an SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Among sources of nursing care used, first rank rated-pharmacy(54.4), private hospital(18.2), general hospital(8.4), folk remedies in house (5.0), chinese hospital(2.8), prayer(2.8) and others(8.4), and the reasons for choosing nursing care rated 'the easiest method' (63.6), 'the best method'(15.7), 'reliable'(10.8) and 'lower cost burden'(4.6) in order of preference. 2. The type of nursing care chosen rated western medicine(6.80), chinese medicine(6.15), folk remedies(5.46), faith remedies(3.51) and divination remedies (1.41). There were significant differences in the effect recognition degree to various kinds of medicine. 3. The difference of the type of nursing care chosen according to general characteristics showed that urban residents were higher than rural community residents(t=2.15, p=0.0320) in western medicine, and urban residents, women, and singles were higher than rural community residents(t=2.04, p=0.0414), men (t= -2.89, p=0.0039), and married(t=2.50, p= 0.0126) on folk remedies. With repect to age and education those 21-30, under 20 and 31-40, graduated from college and graduate school were higher than above 51, above 61 (F = 7.76, p = 0.0001), graduated from elementary school(F=4.39, p=0.0006) on folk remedies. In other categories, rural community residents, women, younger people. Christians were higher than urban residents ( t = -2.73, p=0.0305), men(t= -4.15, p=0.0001), older people (F=2.48, p=0.0307), Catholic, Buddhist, or atheist (F= 70.18, p=0.0001) on faith remedies. Those graduated from high school and Buddhist were higher than unschooled, graduated from middle school(F=3.18, p= 0.0075), atheist, Catholic or Christian(F=18.32, p=0.0001) on divination redemies. There were significant differences concerning age and education level. 4. The accessibility of caregivers rated 'caregivers should be nearby if the patients need them' (50.0), 'caregivers must be there all day (24 hours)' (39.6), 'caregivers must be there at night only'(5.0), 'caregivers must be there during the day only'(2.6), 'caregivers always should visit during visiting hours' 0.4), 'caregivers don't need to be there at all' (1.2). The frist rank of suitable caregivers were rated as spouse(66.6), mother(24.2), daughter (3.6), daughter-in-law(1.9), and the reasons of thinking thus were rated as 'the most comfortable' (81.5), 'people should correctly with regards to family they'(7.1), 'the easiest' (5.4), 'take good care of the patient' (5.1) and 'lower cost burden' (0.4). 5. The desired location of death rated as the following: his/her house (91. 6) to the hospital(8. 4). A person going to encounter death in the hospital wanted his house(78.5) over the hospital(21.5), and a person dieing in the hospital prefered his house(52.9) over the hospital(47.1) as a funeral ceremony place. The following suggestions are made based on the above results. 1. A sampling method that enhances the re presentativeness should be used in regional and/or national related research and replicated to confirm the result of this study. 2. This study should be used to understand the Korean view of medical centers and to meet the expectations of patients in Korean nursing. 3. Research on the Korean traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick, health and illness, and health behavior, the perception of dying, the decision to heal, and the view of general medicine should continue to be conducted continuosly so that Korean nursing theory can be advanced on these concepts.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate determinent factors of the internet addiction that have influenced on middle school students. We randomly selected each one middle school in urban and rural areas, and conducted survey in 862 students of 2nd and 3rd grade from September 1 to 15, 2005. By using a statistical program called SPSS10.0, the data collected thereby were analyzed through a series of statistical methods including $x^2$-test, logistic regression analysis. The result of logistic regression analysis showed that the significant variables in urban area were resting time and using time a day. In rural area, sex, economic level, resting time and using time a day were significant variables. Higher status of internet addiction showed significant relationship with physical problems, anxiety, maladjustment to school, insufficient sleep time, fatigue in eyes, headache, pain in neck or shoulder, chronic fatigue, reduced vision, weight reduction, indigestion, xeroderma and adjustment to school. Especially, resting time and using time a day have dominant influence on internet addiction. And in case that the groups who showed high addiction tendency, there were negative health problem by physical, mental and social problem. To prevent internet addiction health education programs of right internet use and time, importance of rest, and health problems must be considered in internet addiction prevention policy.

• Journal of forensic and investigative science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-30
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• 2006

The preliminary investigative activities by the police officer play a critical role in identifying the cause of death in unnatural death investigations. The failure to secure the crime scene leads to the destruction of significant evidence, which results in the difficulty or impossibility to identify the cause of death. In order to prevent this jeopardizing crucial evidence, and to identify the level of preliminary investigation on the scene, this research is conducted and analyzed with questionnaires of 300 police first responders and 100 detectives. As a result, it was disclosed that there is a possibility for first responders to fail to ensure scene security, scene observation, and canvass interviews. Besides, when medical personnel have no choice but to contaminate the crime scene in order to save lives, it is necessary for them to take photos and to take proper actions before they enter the scene. The importance of scene-control education cannot be emphasized enough in order to prevent media from entering and destroying the evidence. Through research of actual conditions of unnatural death cases which occurred in Kyongbook Province for last five years, the statistics regarding a few different types of death were analyzed as follows. Evidence that homicide, suicide, accidental death, and disaster deaths have increased year by year. Therefore, it is deemed necessary for the government to take multilateral policies to reduce them, and for police to reinforce their investigative skills. Further, the insufficient number of autopsy facilities and forensic pathologists, only 13% of the deceased (1,237 cases) have had an autopsy conducted to identify the cause of death for last five years. The other, 87.3% (8,496 cases) of the deceased, were handled through simple postmortem examination. The significance of this percentage is that there is still the possibility not revealing the cause of unjust deaths. Therefore, it is necessary to furnish police agency with the reasonable amount of funding for autopsies and maintaining enough forensic pathologists.