• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제9권spc호
• /
• pp.167-184
• /
• 2003

This paper is to analyze how Walt Whitman developed the theme and structure of Leaves of Grass with his ideal of democratic vistas. Whitman established his identity as an inspired poet, having faith in the divinity of man based on transcendental belief. After being awakened to the transcendental truth, he practiced his own common world view--his democratic vistas. Whitman searched for the unity with nature and identified his self with "common man and his nation." The poetry expresses "cosmological and national ideology" dedicated to the creation of an ideal nation united in eternal freedom and peace. By portraying common cosmic and national theme in terms of his individual personality, he brought various paradoxical and controversial ideas into one thing, namely "democracy", fusing diversity into unity. As in the symbol of the grass, there is a unity in variety reflected by democracy in a cosmological and political compound. With the form of free verse, he could express his liberal unrestrained and mystical thoughts of democracy. This new form has been associated with the poet's strong consciousness of the need for modernization in his country. He willingly assumed "the role of prophet and public voice for American democrat" with the rolling catalogues and I-persona which formed a sense of the common man and common things of America. Whitman pioneered a democrat literature with simple and dynamic tone and style. He successively pursued the democratic vistas in his Leaves of Grass.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.265-288
• /
• 2007

This study analyzed which conflict management norm was preferred according to unique cultural difference of nation and such conflict management norm influences on conflict management type in solving real conflict when conflict in organization occurs and such conflict norm had a preference and influence on conflict management type in solving real conflict through such conflict management norm. As the result, first, Korean managers showed still high attitude on group interest and aimed to negotiation. But they highly depended on control. Canada managers showed discussion norm of individual interest and performed conflict management laying stress on unity and negotiation. second, as for conflict management of negotiation, both Canada and Korea performed it on the based of his or her interest discussion and as for plural agenda unity positively influenced to unity conflict management in Korea but in Canada, attitude for the future negatively influenced.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제25권
• /
• pp.337-362
• /
• 2011

This study focused on difference of the nation's concept between Ko un's Baekdusan and Lee uk's Gohyangsaramdul, Pungungi. These works are epics restructure nation's history. A epic's story provides framework of recognition to social members. An individual and community accept their story and then stories construct pesonal identity and community's identity. So we can say a epic configurates national identity by story nation history and nation territory. The nation's concept is understood steadfast and very pure as like a blood relationship in Korea. This is aspects of Korean nationalism. But the Nation is modern, social and historical concept. That is different from ethnic identity. This way throws open the door to analyze nation identity. Ko un's Baekdusan narrates permanence and sacralization of the nation for emphasizing the unification of North Korea and South Korea. Baekdusan expresses the social desire of Korea in the 1980s. In comparison, Lee uk's Gohyangsaramdul representate ambivalent attitude. One is a position as a settler and the other is a new master of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. So Gohyangsaramdul narrates and remembers their motherland Chosun. But Pungungi exclude recognition of Chosun as motherland. This work's narration focuses on association with struggle of classes and anti-Japanese Movement during the Japanese colonial period. Because these events are able to unity Korean and Chines. Three works deal with same history and same background, but those show defferent recognition about the Nation. Because each society has different social desire and expect different future. The present desire and future prospect construct nation identity.

• 중국학논총
• /
• 제65호
• /
• pp.287-302
• /
• 2020

Social Evolution was the most influential idea in modern China. Chinese intellectuals, who had made the survival of their country and people a top priority in the face of threats from Western powers, accepted the theory of social evolution as an idea calling for national unity. For Liang Qi chao, the theory of social evolution was a reason to raise the modern nation-state and the new people, along with the need for reform. This article examines that philosophical content and meaning modern Chinese social evolution has around his concept of "nation". His ideas, which are regarded as the origin of Asian nationalism, reflect his belief in and will toward a nation-state, and occupy a unique position in the political history of modern China.

• 동서간호학연구지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.106-116
• /
• 2004

This study is about the quality of life of cerebral infarction patients' guardians. The subject of this study was a group of 159 guardians of patients diagnosed of cerebral infarction and being hospitalised in a general hospital located in Seoul. The measurement tool consisted of quality of life of cerebral infarction patients' guardian, self-esteem, burden of responsibility, family unity, health status of the guardian. The collected data have been processed using SPSS/PC 12.0 programme: The results of this study are as follows: 1. The point for quality of life of cerebral infarction patients' guardians was 3.08(five-point scale), and for the related factors, the points for self-esteem was 3.67, burden of responsibility was 3.26, family unity was 4.13, health status was 6.10(ten-point scale). 2. There was a significant difference in the quality of life according to Self-esteem, Burden of responsibility, Family unity and general characteristics. 3. In the quality of life of cerebral infarction patients' guardians, a positive correlation was noted in some factors according to the characteristics of the guardians such as health status, self-esteem, family unity, monthly income, and time spent for caring the patient. Whilst a negative correlation was noted in the others such as burden of responsibility and age of the guardian. By confirming the results above, it is concluded that we must understand the major factors which are related to quality of life, find the causes that deteriorate the quality of life, and apply proper nursing intervention to improve the quality of life of cerebral infarction patients' guardians.

• 영어영문학
• /
• 제54권1호
• /
• pp.149-167
• /
• 2008

Korea has persisted in the notion of "ethnic nationalism." That is "one race, one people, one language" as a homogeneous entity. This social ideal of unity prevails, even in overseas Korean communities formed by voluntary and involuntary displacement in the turmoil of modern history: communities made intermittent with the Japanese colonial occupation and with postcolonial encounters with the West. Given that the Korean people suffered from the trauma of deprivation of the language caused by the loss of the nation, nation has been equated with the language. Accordingly, "these bearers of a homeland" are also firm Korean language holders. The linguistic patriotism of unity based on the intertwining of "mother tongue" and "father country" has become prevalent in the collective memory of the people of the Korean diaspora. Korean American literature has grappled with this concept of the national history of Korea and the Korean language. The aesthetics of Korean American literature has been marked by an influx of literary resources of 'Korea' in sensibilities and structure of feelings; Korean myth, folk lore, songs, humor, traditional stories, manners, customs and historic moments. An experimental use of the Korean alphabet, Hangeul, written down as pronounced, provides an ethnic flavor in the midst of the English texts. Despite its national framework of mind, however, Korean American literature as an interstitial art reveals a keen awareness of inbetweenness, and transnational hybrid identities. By exploring the complex interrelationships of cultural and linguistic boundary-crossing practices in Korean American literature, this paper argues that the poetics of the Korean diaspora challenges the closed structure of identity formation, and offers a transnational sphere to deconstruct a rigidly demarcated national ideology of "one race, one people, one language," for the world literary history.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제13권7호
• /
• pp.38-50
• /
• 2013

영화감독 양영희의 두 편의 다큐멘터리 <디어 평양>(2005), <굿바이, 평양>(2009)과 극영화 <가족의 나라>(2013)는 재일코리안 디아스포라로서 감독의 자전적 경험을 바탕으로 제작된 영화로 남북한과 일본이라는 국민국가의 틈바구니에 선 재일코리안 디아스포라 문제를 제기하고 있다. 세 편의 영화는 제주, 오사카, 평양을 횡단하며 구축된 가족의 서사를 질문하는 것을 통해 국민국가가 부과한 경계를 의심하고 '가족의 나라'라는 새로운 탈주의 공간을 모색한다. 이 글은 양영희의 영화가 분단으로 한반도에 발생한 두 개의 국민국가가 강력하게 추구하는 통합과 일체감, 조국에 대한 획일적인 교육에 긴장을 일으키고 그것을 이질화시키면서 자신의 정체성을 재조정해가는 과정을 추적하였다. 결국 이들 영화는 국민국가의 경계를 넘나드는 혼종적 정체성에서 재일코리안 디아스포라의 미래 정체성을 예견하고 있는데 이는 동북아의 평화와 공존, 남북한의 적대성을 해체하는 작업에서 요구되는 타자 수용성, 개방성, 연대성의 가능성이 재일 코리안 디아스포라에게 있음을 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.84-99
• /
• 1999

In China, primary purpose of policy concerning land tenure system was to maintain social homogeneity among people and growth of productivity. Even before reformed by Deng Shao Ping's government, left wing who had placed more importance on the social unity. When they gained political power, pressing against market oriented agricultural policy for the collective farming system. However right wing prefered to adopt the productivity oriented policy, which might lead to individualized farming system at the cost of social unity. Since Chinese government following principles of social economy put more weight on social unities rather than productivity growth, farming system and rural community became developed into homogeneous structure across the nation before Deng Shao Ping's reform. Process for People's Commune, followed by first and then second level coperations starting from group farming so called Hozozo, was historical reflection of developing such land tenure system. However, even under People's Commune, farmers' efforts could be found to increase their own productivity along with emerged private farming, in which Posandoho with week private farming system was gradually developed into Pogandoho. As Deng's government encouraged farmers to increase productivity through the market oriented measure, there had been wide spread of Pogandoho among the farmers even before legal desolution of Peoples' Commune was realized.

• 동남아시아연구
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.127-165
• /
• 2014

This article regards the phase of political confrontations in Thailand and Burma as a prolonged and inconclusive political struggle between national revolution forces and civil revolution forces. It argues that in Thai case, anti-monarchy constitutional revolution has led to a right-wing national revolution based on state nationalism consolidating capitalist economic system by Sarit's military coup, while in Burmese case, anti-British imperialism movement in colonial era has resulted in a left-wing national revolution grounded on state nationalism associating with socialist economic system by Ne Win's military coup. It is also interesting to note that the two cases experienced state nationalism denying autonomous civil society as a process of nation-building in spite of their contrasting ideologies. In both cases, it became inevitable to have national revolution forces clinging to official nationalism and state nationalism confronting with civil revolution forces seeking popular nationalism and liberal nationalism. In particular, unlike Burmese society, Thai society, without colonial history has never experienced a civil war mobilizing anti-colonial popular nationalism including ethnic revolt. This article considers Dankwart Rustow's argument that national unity as a background condition must precede all the other phases of democratization, but that otherwise its timing is irrelevant. In this context, Thai democratization without national unity which began earlier than Burmese is taking a backward step. For the time being, there would be no solution map to overcome severe political polarization between the right-wing national revolution forces defending official nationalism cum state nationalism and the civil revolution forces trying to go beyond official nationalism towards popular nationalism cum liberal nationalism. In contrast, paradoxically belated Burmese democratization has just taken a big leap in escaping from serious and inconclusive nature of political struggle between the left-wing national revolution forces to defend official nationalism cum state nationalism and civil revolution based on popular nationalism cum liberal nationalism towards a reconciliation phase in order to seek solutions for internal conflicts. The two case studies imply that national unity is not a background condition, but a consequence of the process of political polarization and reconciliation between national revolution forces and civil revolution forces.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제21권7호
• /
• pp.281-290
• /
• 2021

소방사무의 범위는 지역 화재예방에서 구조 및 구급 업무로 확대되었고, 소방체제는 자치소방체제에서 광역소방체제로 전환되었다, 또한 많은 논란의 대상이었던 소방공무원의 신분은 국가직으로 일원화되었다. 그러나 근본적인 문제가 여전히 미해결의 상태로 남아 있다. 바로 국가직으로 전환된 소방공무원의 자치사무인 소방사무 담당과 자치사무로 평가되는 소방사무의 국가사무로의 전환과 관련된 문제이다. 소방사무의 성격에 관한 논란은 국가와 자치단체 사이의 사무기능 및 배분의 조정에 대한 불분명과 중복성, 그리고 근본적으로 사무와 신분의 체계통일성을 이루지 못한 불완전한 입법에 기인한다. 소방사무는 국방 및 경찰사무와 함께 국가의 존립과 국민의 안녕과 질서를 포함하는 사무로서 국가적 책무가 존재한다. 국민의 생명, 신체 및 재산을 보호하는 국민의 안전과 관련된 소방사무는 국가사무로 이해되어야 한다. 지방자치법 상 지방자치단체는 법률에 다른 규정이 있는 경우 외에는 국가의 존립에 필요한 사무, 전국적으로 통일을 요하는 사무, 전국적 규모의 사무 등 국가사무를 처리할 수 없다고 규정하고 있다. 소방사무는 그와 같은 사무에 해당한다고 보아야 한다. 국민의 안전과 생명에 대한 권리와 그에 대한 보호 의무가 국가의 의무임을 고려한다면 소방공무원의 국가직화의 이유가 근본적으로 단지 처우와 재정의 문제가 아니었음을 유념할 필요가 있다.