• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.405-413
• /
• 2013

Monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), a chemokine that is in a superfamily of structurally related small chemotactic cytokines involved in leukocyte trafficking, is regarded as a key factor in atherogenesis. In this study, we examined the changes in atherogenic parameters including hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative balance in MCP- 3-overexpressing transgenic mice (MCP-3 mice) under atherogenic conditions. To induce an extreme atherogenic condition, mice were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 12 weeks. The body weight and food intake were not changed by MCP-3 overexpression in the aorta. On a HFHC diet, the MCP-3 mice had higher plasma levels of total cholesterol and a higher atherogenic index compared with wild-type mice, although there were no differences in the plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, an increase in lipid accumulation was observed in the aortas as well as the livers of the HFHC diet-fed MCP-3 mice compared with wild-type mice. The activities of antioxidant enzymes increased in the livers of the HFHC diet-fed MCP-3 mice, whereas supplementation with antioxidants, naringin and hesperidin, reversed the activities of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes in HFHC diet-fed MCP-3 mice, indicating that there might be more oxidative damage to the tissues in the HFHC diet-fed MCP-3 mice leading to progression towards atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis. Microarray analyses of the aorta revealed atherosclerosis-, PPARs-, lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein-related genes that were affected by the HFHC diet in MCP-3 mice. These findings suggest that aortic MCP-3 overexpression may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis under atherogenic conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.8
• /
• pp.1318-1322
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to identify the biophysical utility of bioflavonoids by the determination of their antioxidative activities, radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect on the ACE activity. The results obtained were as follows; All flavonoids experimented greatly inhibited the linoleic acid oxidation from the early period of oxidation, and the radical scavenging ability was also greater in genistein and daidzein than other flavonoids, generally showing donating ability. Rutin has the metal-chelating ability with C $u^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$, which means to have the inhibitory effect on the promotive oxidation of lipid by metal ion. All flavonoids experimented inhibited the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, which was greater in genistein and daidzein than other flavonoids.s.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.132-137
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to find out the variation in agronomic trait and chemical composition in the collected Perilla frutescens from China and Japan. From the results of growth investigation, the maximum number if branches was 26.7ea in Japan 134 line, followed by 25 nodes number in China 119 line. Among the different lines investigated, maximum number of panicle number (108.8) were observed in China 114 line. 1000 seed weight was maximum (4.12 g) in China 118 line. Flowering time of different collected lines varied significantly with average value of 175.5 days and the average line required for maturation of seedlings was 205.1 days. Plant height was the highest (248.9 cm) in China 107 line. Highest number of total picking leaves was 965ea, and the average picked period was 54 days. The major phenol compounds contained in Perilla frutescens showed wide variation for Syringic acid, Benzoic acid, Naringin, o-Coumaric acid, Myricetin, Naringenin and Hesperetin. Japan 139 line showed the highest level of total phenol contents ($8254.0{\mu}g/g$, dry weight).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.21 no.2 s.86
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2005

Citrus juice, a concentrate manufactured by the Jeju Provincial Corporation, was converted into vinegar orderly by alcohol and acetate fermentation. The juice with a 6-fold dilution by distilled water was used as the sole nutrient source throughout the experiments. The diluted juice contained 12.96Brix of total sugar, $0.632\%$ of total acid and $20.23{\mu}g/ml$ of hesperidin. Naringin was not detected from the juice. Citrus wine having $5.6\~6.3\%$ alcohol was produced from the diluted juice after 3 days of fermentation at $28^{\circ}C$. A kind of citrus-malomelo-yeast CMY-28 was used for the wine fermentation. The wine was successfully fermented for 8 days at $30^{\circ}C$ after inoculation of seed vinegar which contained active cells of acid producing bacteria CV1. The inoculum size of the seed vinegar was controlled to $10\%$(v/v) of the citrus wine. The wine was converted into vinegar by the fermentation process. Citrus vinegar, the final fermentation product, was colored with very thin, radish-yellow and was transparent. It's acidity ranged between $5.8\~6.2\%$ of that of acetic acid. The vinegar attained the best score by sensory test among several natural fruit vinegars. It was clear from the results that high quality citrus vinegar could be produced from concentrated citrus juice. However, the fermentation conditions should be improved to reduce the amount of reducing alcohol.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.283-291
• /
• 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of fruit quality, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) from Go-heung and Jeju according to harvest time. Samples were harvested from August to December on the $1^{st}$ of every month. August and September samples were green colored, whereas November and December samples were yellow. The fruit shape index decreased, changing from globular to elliptical, whereas the $^{\circ}birx$ increased with ripening stage. The yuzu from Jeju was larger than that from Go-heung in each month of cultivation. August samples exhibited the highest amounts of phenolic compounds. In addition, samples from Jeju had higher total phenolic content than those from Go-heung. The content of phenolic compounds decreased with ripening until October and then increased subsequently. Antioxidant activity of the yuzu was evaluated by FRAP and DPPH methods. The antioxidant activity showed a similar trend as total phenolic content. Immature yuzu fruit was found to exhibit the highest amount of flavonoids such as naringin and hesperidin. November and December samples showed almost the same contents of flavonoids. The flavonoid content of yuzu fruit harvested from Jeju was higher than that from Go-heung. Overall, the samples harvested at the early stage, in the month of August, exhibited the highest flavonoid content, phenolic content and antioxidant activity. As the health benefits of these compounds has been demonstrated in various studies, the immature yuzu appears to be preferable for use as a raw material for formulation of pharmaceutical products as well as for functional food production after a proper in-vivo and in-vitro medical tests.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.330-340
• /
• 2014

Coprinellus micaceus, belongs to family Psathyrellaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for edible purposes in the world. This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies from C. micaceus extracted with methanol and hot water. The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds from the mushroom extracts identified 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than that of BHT, the positive control at the all concentrations tested. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities compared with positive control at the 0.125-0.2 mg/ml. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/ml, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. In the acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at 1.0 mg/ml, whereas the galanthamine, standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/ml, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61% at the same concentration. Nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol and hot water extracts in a concentration dependent manner. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase substances which might be used for promoting human health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.331-337
• /
• 2015

Citrus and its peels, which are by-products from juice and/or jam processing, have long been used in Asian folk medicine. Citrus peels show an abundant variety of flavanones, and these flavanones have glycone and aglycone forms. Aglycones are more potent than glycones with a variety of physiological functions since aglycone absorption is more efficient than glycones. Bioconversion with cytolase converted narirutin and naringin into naringenin and hesperidin into hesperetin. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Citrus unshiu (CU) peel extracts with cytolase (CU-C) in RAW264.7 cells. HPLC chromatograms showed that CU and CU-C had 23.42% and 29.39% total flavonoids, respectively. There was substantial bioconversion of narirutin to naringenin and of hesperidin to hesperetin. All citrus peel extracts showed DPPH scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner, and CU-C was more potent than intact CU. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with $0{\sim}500{\mu}g/mL$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h and then stimulated by $1{\mu}g/mL$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. All citrus peel extracts showed decreased mRNA levels and protein expression of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Especially, CU-C markedly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 compared to intact citrus peel extracts. All citrus peel extracts showed decreased NO production by iNOS activity. This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peel extracts with cytolase may provide potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by boosting the anti-inflammatory effects of citrus peels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1134-1141
• /
• 2002

Adhesion of leukocytes to the activated vascular endothelium and their subsequent recruitment/migration into the artery wall are key features in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. These features have been mediated by cell adhesion molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and in tracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). This study examined whether flavonoids inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-$\alpha$-induced monocyte adhesion via a modulation of the protein expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). TNF-$\alpha$ markedly increased the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to endothelial cells and induced the expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin proteins in HUVECs. Micromolar concentrations of the flavones luteolin and apigenin and the flavonol quercetin near completely blocked the monocyte adhesion to the activated endothelial cells and the induction of these adhesion molecules. However, equimicromolar catechins of (-)epigallocatechin gallate and (+)catechin, the flavonol myr- icetin and the flavanones of naringin and hesperidin had no effect on TNF-$\alpha$-activated monocyte adhesion. (-)Epigallocatechin gallate, (+) catechin, and naringin did not attenuate the TNF-$\alpha$ induction of these adhesion molecules. Furthermore, culture with luteolin and apigenin strongly blocked the expression of TNF-$\alpha$-induced VCAM-1 mRNA and modestly attenuated ICAM-1 mRNA. Quercetin modestly decreased the TNF-$\alpha$-activated VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNAs. These results demonstrate that flavonoids classified as flavones and flavonols may inhibit monocyte adhesion to the TNF-$\alpha$-activated endothelium, most likely due to a blockade of expression of functional adhesion molecules down-regulated at the transcriptional level, indicating a definite linkage between the chemical structure of flavonoids and the expression of cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, the antiathero-genic feature of flavonoids appears to be independent of their antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.1745-1751
• /
• 2008

This study was to investigate of characteristics and antioxidant function of yuza from 4 different area. The hot-water extracts of yuza peel extracts from Geoje, Goseong, Goheung and Namhae(Changseon, Seolcheon) were tested for antioxidant activity in different reaction systems. Contents of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were $122.18{\pm}1.44$ mg/100 g and $114.39{\pm}0.94$ mg/100 g in hot water extracts from Namhae-Seolcheon, respectively. The highest contents of hesperidin and naringin were $55.45{\pm}1.36$ mg/100 g and $28.41{\pm}0.64$ mg/100 g in hot water extracts from Geoje, respectively. Antioxidant activity of yuza peel hot-water extracts were significantely increased as the increament of sample adding concentration ($500{\sim}10,000{\mu}g$/ml). Reducing power was $6{\sim}9$ folds higher in 10,000 ${\mu}g$/ml concentration than 500 ${\mu}g$/ml and it's O.D. value showed $0.68{\pm}0.012{\sim}0.97{\pm}0.021$. ABTs scavenging activity was more than 80% in 10,000 ${\mu}g$/ml concentration samples, except from Goseong ($78.13{\pm}1.30%$). Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was higher in Namhae-Seolcheon ($31.36{\pm}1.36%$) and Namhae-Changseon ($30.28{\pm}1.60%$) at 10,000 ${\mu}g$/ ml concentration, others activity were below 30%. At 10,000 ${\mu}g$/ml concentration, NO radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity in ${\beta}$-carotene linoleic acid system were $26.49{\pm}1.77{\sim}40.85{\pm}0.95%$ and $24.40{\pm}1.91{\sim}38.17{\pm}0.56%$, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.371-380
• /
• 2017

In this study, 17 kinds of polyphenols and 5 kinds of anthocyanins were analyzed to compare the contents of polyphenols and anthocyanins in 76 colored agricultural products. A total of 17 polyphenols were analyzed simultaneously by 9 phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid) and 8 flavonoids ((+)catechin, syringic aldehyde, rutin, epicatechin gallate, naringin, luteolin, naringenin, kaempferol) and 5 anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside) were simultaneously analyzed. The total content of 17 polyphenols was determined as seoritae $255.1{\pm}7.5{\mu}g/g$, seomoktae $275.8{\pm}5.3{\mu}g/g$, black rice $78.5{\pm}4.6{\mu}g/g$, black sesame $75.8{\pm}3.2{\mu}g/g$, blueberry $143.3{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/g$, aronia $195.2{\pm}4.9{\mu}g/g$ and blackcurrent $131.6{\pm}3.2{\mu}g/g$, the highest content was found in the order of seomoktae > seoritae > aronia > blueberry > blackcurrant > black rice > black sesame. The total content of 5 anthocyanins was determined as seoritae $82.4{\pm}17.2{\mu}g/g$, seomoktae $95.2{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/g$, black rice $74.1{\pm}9.7{\mu}g/g$, black sesame were not detected, blueberry $110.8{\pm}1.9{\mu}g/g$, aronia $218.9{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/g$ and blackcurrent $209.7{\pm}4.0{\mu}g/g$, the highest content was found in the order of aronia > blackcurrant > blueberry > seomoktae > seoritae > black rice. These results indicated that seomoktae and aronia possessed the high level of functional components and further study will be needed to develop high value-added foods based on the colored agricultural products.