• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.279-284
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• 1996

To develop a selective medium for the isolation and the detection of leuconostocs from the various samples including fermented vegetables, ten strains of leuconostocs and seven strains of lactobacilli were tested for their sensitivity to various antibiotics. The basal-medium containing 5 ${\mu}g/ml$ of novobiocin inhibited the growth of lactobacilli completely, but not that of leuconostocs. On the basis of this result, a new selective medium was developed and to be named NLS medium. This medium contains 1% Tryptone (Difco), 0.1% Yeast Extract (Difco), 2% sucrose, 0.1% Beef Extract (BBL), 0.5% sodium acetate, 0.2% ammonium sulfate, 0.01% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% dipotassium phosphate, 0.05% sorbic acid, 75 ppm sodium azide (Sigma), 0.1% (vol/vol) Tween 80, 30 ${\mu}g/ml$ of Vancomycin (Sigma), 5${\mu}g/ml$ of Novobiocin (Sigma), 0.5${\mu}g/ml$ of cysteine HCI, and 1.5% Agar (Difco). All of the eighty six isolates obtained from some foodstuffs were identified as members of the genus Leuconostoc. Comparative counts with the MRS, PES, LUSM, and NLS medium indicated that the recovery percent was lower than other selective media. Therefore, this result suggested that NLS medium was suitable for the isolation of leuconostocs, but not for counting or enumerating.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1987.11a
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• pp.58-60
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• 1987

In this paper, we investigate an infinite impulse response adaptive digital filter based on the nonlinear least-squares algorithm, and compare its convergence speed to that of a self-orthogonalizing IIR ADF which is known to have fastest convergence. By simulation, it is shown that the NLS IIR ADF converges faster than other known IIR ADF's, especially for a low-order case.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.1601-1615
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• 2019

We show the existence of ground state and orbital stability of standing waves of nonlinear $Schr{\ddot{o}}dinger$ equations with singular linear potential and essentially mass-subcritical power type nonlinearity. For this purpose we establish the existence of ground state in $H^1$. We do not assume symmetry or monotonicity. We also consider local and global well-posedness of Strichartz solutions of energy-subcritical equations. We improve the range of inhomogeneous coefficient in [5, 12] slightly in 3 dimensions.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.526-531
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• 2014

Human PARP family consists of 17 members of which PARP-1 is a prominent member and plays a key role in DNA repair pathways. It has an N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) encompassing the nuclear localisation signal (NLS), central automodification domain and C-terminal catalytic domain. PARP-1 accounts for majority of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymer synthesis that upon binding to numerous proteins including PARP itself modulates their activity. Reduced PARP-1 activity in ageing human samples and its deficiency leading to telomere shortening has been reported. Hence for cell survival, maintenance of genomic integrity and longevity presence of intact PARP-1 in the nucleus is paramount. Although localisation of full-length and truncated PARP-1 in PARP-1 proficient cells is well documented, subcellular distribution of PARP-1 fragments in the absence of endogenous PARP-1 is not known. Here we report the differential localisation of PARP-1 Nterminal fragment encompassing NLS in PARP-$1^{+/+}$ and PARP-$1^{-/-}$ mouse embryo fibroblasts by live imaging of cells transiently expressing EGFP tagged fragment. In PARP-$1^{+/+}$ cells the fragment localises to the nuclei presenting a granular pattern. Furthermore, it is densely packaged in the midsections of the nucleus. In contrast, the fragment localises exclusively to the cytoplasm in PARP-$1^{-/-}$ cells. Flourescence intensity analysis further confirmed this observation indicating that the N-terminal fragment requires endogenous PARP-1 for its nuclear transport. Our study illustrates the trafficking role of PARP-1 independently of its enzymatic activity and highlights the possibility that full-length PARP-1 may play a key role in the nuclear transport of its siblings and other molecules.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2014

We identified four basic amino acid residues as nuclear localization signals (NLS) in the C-terminal domain of the prototype foamy viral (PFV) integrase (IN) protein that were essential for viral replication. We constructed seven point mutants in the C-terminal domain by changing the lysine and arginine at residues 305, 308, 313, 315, 318, 324, and 329 to threonine or proline, respectively, to identify residues conferring NLS activity. Our results showed that mutation of these residues had no effect on expression assembly, release of viral particles, or in vitro recombinant IN enzymatic activity. However, mutations at residues 305 (R ${\rightarrow}$ T), 313(R ${\rightarrow}$ T), 315(R ${\rightarrow}$ P), and 329(R ${\rightarrow}$ T) lead to the production of defective viral particles with loss of infectivity, whereas non-defective mutations at residues 308(R ${\rightarrow}$ T), 318(K ${\rightarrow}$ T), and 324(K ${\rightarrow}$ T) did not show any adverse effects on subsequent production or release of viral particles. Sub-cellular fractionation and immunostaining for viral protein PFV-IN and PFV-Gag localization revealed predominant cytoplasmic localization of PFV-IN in defective mutants, whereas cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of PFV-IN was observed in wild type and non-defective mutants. However sub-cellular localization of PFV-Gag resulted in predominant nuclear localization and less presence in the cytoplasm of the wild type and non-defective mutants. But defective mutants showed only nuclear localization of Gag. Therefore, we postulate that four basic arginine residues at 305, 313, 315 and 329 confer the karyoplilic properties of PFV-IN and are essential for successful viral integration and replication.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.407-409
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• 2000

Outer envelope membrane proteins of chloroplasts encoded by the nuclear genome are transported without the N-terminal transit peptide. Here, we investigated the targeting mechanism of AtOEP7, an Arabidopsis homolog of small outer envelope membrane proteins in vivo. AtOEP7 was expressed transiently in protoplasts or stably in transgenic plants as fusion proteins with GFP. In both cases AtOEP7:GFP was targeted to the outer envelope membrane when assayed under a fluorescent microscope or by Western blot analysis. Except the transmembrane domain, deletions of the N- or C-terminal regions of AtOEP7 did not affect targeting although a region closed to the C-terminal side of the transmembrane domain affected the targeting efficiency. Targeting experiments with various hybrid transmembrane mutants revealed that the amino acid sequence of the transmembrane domain determines the targeting specificity The targeting mechanism was further studied using a fusion protein, AtOEP7：NLS：GFP, that had a nuclear localization signal. AtOEP7：NLS：GFP was efficiently targeted to the chloroplast envelope despite the presence of the nuclear localization signal. Taken together, these results suggest that the transmembrane domain of AtOEP7 functions as the sole determinant of targeting specificity and that AtOEP7 may be associated with a cytosolic component during translocation to the chloroplast envelope membrane.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2012

In car insurance, the loss ratio is the ratio of total losses paid out in claims divided by the total earned premiums. In order to minimize the loss to the insurance company, estimating extreme quantiles of loss ratio distribution is necessary because the loss ratio has essential prot and loss information. Like other types of insurance related datasets, the distribution of the loss ratio has heavy-tailed distribution. The Peaks over Threshold(POT) and the Hill estimator are commonly used to estimate extreme quantiles for heavy-tailed distribution. This article compares and analyzes the performances of various kinds of parameter estimating methods by using a simulation and the real loss ratio of car insurance data. In addition, we estimate extreme quantiles using the Hill estimator. As a result, the simulation and the loss ratio data applications demonstrate that the POT method estimates quantiles more accurately than the Hill estimation method in most cases. Moreover, MLE, Zhang, NLS-2 methods show the best performances among the methods of the GPD parameters estimation.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2020

Ralstonia solanacearum (Rso) is a causal agent of bacterial wilt in Solanaceae crops worldwide including Republic of Korea. Rso virulence predominantly relies on type III secreted effectors (T3Es). However, only a handful of Rso T3Es have been characterized. In this study, we investigated subcellular localization of and manipulation of plant immunity by 8 Rso T3Es predicted to harbor a nuclear localization signal (NLS). While 2 of these T3Es elicited cell death in both Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, only one was dependent on suppressor of G2 allele of skp1 (SGT1), a molecular chaperone of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors. We also identified T3Es that differentially regulate flg22-induced reactive oxygen species production and gene expression. Interestingly, several of the NLS-containing T3Es translationally fused with yellow fluorescent protein accumulated in subcellular compartments other than the cell nucleus. Our findings bring new clues to decipher Rso T3E function in planta.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1997

고분자 Polyimide (PI) film 표면을 반응성 가스 분위기에서 1KeV의 에너지를 가지 는 여러 종류의 이온빔으로 조사하여 표면을 개질하였다. PI표면의 친수성과 표면에너지를 측정하기 위해 접촉각 측정기를 사용하였으며 개질 된 표면의 화학적 변화를 측정하기 위해 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)를 사용하였다. 표면 개질을 위한 이온조사량은 5 $\times$1014 -1$\times$1017 ions/cm2이며 반응가스는 0-8scm까지 변화시켰다. 아르곤 이온빔으로 표면 개질시에는 67。에서 40。까지 감소하였고 표면에너지는 46 dyne/cm에서 64dyne/cm까지 증가하였다. 산소를 6sccm 주입하면서 산소 이온빔으로 표면 개질시 물과의 접촉각은 67。 에서 최대 12。까지 감소하였으며 표면에너지는 46dyne/cm에서 72dyne/cm까지 증가하였고 이때의 이온조사량은 5$\times$1014 -1$\times$1017 ions/cm2 이였다. 여러 종류의 반응성 가스와 이온을 사용하여 개질하여 본 결과 산소분위기에서 산소 이온을 이용하여 개질 하였을 때 접촉각이 8。인 표면을 얻을수 있었다, 산소분위기에서 아르곤 이온빔으로 1$\times$1017 ions/cm2 의 이온 조사량으로 개질 된 Pi 시료를 대기 중에 보관하였을 때에는 110시간 후 65。로 증가하였고 물속에서 보관하였을 때에는 46。로 증가하였다. 그러나 산소 이온빔에 산소분위기에서 개 질 된 시료의 경우 물속에 보관할 경우 접촉강의 증가없이 일정한 값을 나타내었다. 이온조 사로 개질된 시료의 화학적 변화를 확인하기 위하여 XPS 사용하였다. 표면 개질 전의 PI 시료와 산소 분위기에서 1$\times$1017 ions/cm2의 아르곤 이온빔으로 개질한 XPS peak 결과로 보아 Cls의 spectra를 보면 C-C, C-N 그리고 C=O의 결합들은 intensity가 감소하였고 C-O 의 intensity는 증가하였다. Nls peak로 보아 imide N 성분은 이온빔의 조사로 인하여 감소 하였고 C-O의 intensity는 증가하였다. Nls peakk로 보아 imide N성분은 이온빔의조사로 감소하였고 Ols peak로 보아 C-O는 증가하였고 C=O는 약간의 감소가 나타났다. 또한 이온 보조 반응법을 이용하여 처리한 시료의 경우 접착력이 증가하는데 이는 주로 C-O 결합의 산소와 Cu와의 상호작요에 의한 것임을 알수 있었다.

• Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.711-719
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Collagen organization within tissues has a critical role in wound regeneration. Collagen fibril diameter, arrangements and maturity between connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) small interfering RNA (siRNA) and mismatch scrambled siRNA-treated wound were compared to evaluate the efficacy of CTGF siRNA as a future implement for scar preventive medicine. METHODS: Nanocomplexes of CTGF small interfering RNA (CTGF siRNA) with cell penetrating peptides (KALA and $MPG^{{\Delta}NLS}$) were formulated and their effects on CTGF downregulation, collagen fibril diameter and arrangement were investigated. Various ratios of CTGF siRNA and peptide complexes were prepared and down-regulation were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. Control and CTGF siRNA modified cells-populated collagen lattices were prepared and rates of contraction measured. Collagen organization in rabbit ear 8 mm biopsy punch wound at 1 day to 8 wks post injury time were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and histology was investigated with Olympus System and TS-Auto software. CONCLUSION: CTGF expression was down-regulated to 40% of control by CTGF siRNA/KALA (1:24) complexes (p<0.01) and collagen lattice contraction was inhibited. However, down-regulated of CTGF by CTGF $siRNA/MPG^{{\Delta}NLS}$ complexes was not statistically significant. CTGF KALA-treated wound appeared with well formed-basket weave pattern of collagen fibrils with mean diameter of $128{\pm}22nm$ (n = 821). Mismatch siRNA/KALA-treated wound showed a high frequency of parallel small diameter fibrils (mean $90{\pm}20nm$, n = 563). CONCLUSION: Controlling over-expression of CTGF by peptide-mediated siRNA delivery could improve the collagen orientation and tissue remodeling in full thickness rabbit ear wound.