• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.332-336
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• 2008

선천성 면역은 병원성균의 침입에 대항하기 위한 숙주의 최초 방어체계라 할 수 있다. 이러한 선천성 면역반응은 병원균들이 가지고 있는 독특한 구조를 인식하는 TLRs에 의해서 조절되어 진다고 알려져 있다. 숙주에 침입한 여러 병원성균들이 TLRs를 자극하며 이렇게 자극된 신호들은 아래로 전달되어 전사요소 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성화를 유도하고 결국 COX-2와 같은 염증 유발인자를 유도하여 암이나 질병을 유발하게 된다. 우리는 이번 연구를 통하여 생강 추출물중의 하나인 6-shogaol이 어떻게 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성화나 COX-2 발현을 조절하여 항염증 효과를 가지고 있는지를 알아보았다. 6-shogaol은 TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 agonists에 의해서 유도된 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성화와 COX-2 발현을 억제하였다. 이러한 결과는6-shogaol이 여러 병원균들로부터 유도되는 염증반응이나 만성적인 질병들을 조절할 수 있다는 중요한 결과를 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease, characterized by articular cartilage, osteonecrosis, and osteochondral bone erosion. It is an early, progressive disease that combines joint stiffness and joint pain and reduces cartilage function and condition. Interleukin-1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) is thought to be important to the pathogenesis of OA and significantly increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play an important role in cartilage degradation in OA. Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) is an edible / medicinal mushroom that has been reported to variety of biological activities. In this study, investigated the Anti-inflammatory effect of Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) ethanol extract (SCE) on $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. SCE decreased the expression and activity of MMPs by $IL-1{\beta}$ and decreased the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2($PGE_2$) in $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulated SW-1353 chondrocytes. In addition, SCE inhibits the expression of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor-kappa B) signaling in $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulated SW-1353 cells, and SCE inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Thus, it is suggested that SCE has a potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in osteoarthritis treatments.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.206-213
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• 2009

본 연구는 RBL-2H3 세포에서 고삼의 NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) 활성 억제를 통한 과립감소와 전염증성 시토카인 억제 효과에 관한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서는 PMA와 A23187로 유발된 흰쥐 백혈병(RBL-2H3) 세포에서 고삼의 항알레르기 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. 고삼은 투여량에 따라 $\beta$-hexosaminidase의 방출과 TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4, COX-2 등의 생성과 발현을 억제하였다. 실험결과 고삼은 $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p65)의 조절을 통하여 항알레르기 효과를 나타내었는데 이는 $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ 저해의 억제와 항염증 시토카인 발현 억제와도 관계가 있다는 내용이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.653-660
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• 2019

Ganoderma lucidum, an oriental polypore fungus and medicinal mushroom, has a long history of use for promoting health and longevity in Korea, China, and other Asian countries. This study was aimed at determining the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of Ganoderma lucidum in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Ganoderma lucidum was extracted with ethanol and freeze-dried. The anti-inflammatory effect (nitrite production) of Ganoderma lucidum extracts was tested using a nitric oxide (NO) colorimetric assay. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65, and phosphorylated $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. The NO colorimetric assay showed that NO production increased with the treatment of lipopolysaccharide in (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and decreased with the cotreatment of Ganoderma lucidum extracts and LPS. Ganoderma lucidum extracts repressed the mRNA expressions of cytokines, which were increased after the LPS treatment. In addition, Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibited the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the LPS-induced phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. These results suggest that the Ganoderma lucidum extracts exert an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting $NF-{\kappa}B$ related proteins and cytokines.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2008

Objective: Previously, the methanol extracts of the semen of Xanthium strumsrium could involved anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264,7 cells, We evaluated the anti-allergic effects of X. strumarium on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, Methodes : To investigate the effect of X. strumarium on the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187-induced RBL-2H3 cells. The effects of X. strumarium on the degranulation and the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and expression from RBL-2H3 cells were evaluated with $\beta$-hexosaminidase assay, ELISA, and RT-PCR analysis, In addition, we examined the effects of X. strumarium on nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation and $I{\kappa}B-\alpha$ degradation using Western blot analysis. Results : X. strumarium inhibited degranulation and secretions and expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interleukin (IL)-4 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, on stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, however, X. strumarium not affect cell viability. In stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, the protein expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) was decreased in the nucleus by X. strumarium. In addition, X. strumarium suppressed the degradation of inhibitory protein $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ protein in RBL-2H3 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that X. strumarium inhibits the degranulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines through blockade of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and I $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2011

We demonstrate that glycoprotein isolated from Dioscorea batatas (GDB) activates macrophage function. Analysis of the infiltration of macrophages into peritoneal cavity showed GDB treatment significantly increased the recruitment of macrophages into the peritoneal cavity. In order to further confirm and investigate the mechanism of GDB on macrophage activation, we analyzed the effects of GDB on the cytokine expression including IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-6 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. GDB increased the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-6. Cytokine induction by GDB was further confirmed by RT-PCR and ELISA in mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with GDB produced strong induction of NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding and MAPK phosphorylation, markers for macrophage activation and important factors for cytokine gene expression. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that GDB stimulates macrophage activation.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.84-95
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• 2003

Objective : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Kamisopunghwalhyeol-tang (Jiaweishujenghuoxie-tang; Kami-SPHHT) on the immunity responses of the Synoviocytes isolated from the patients on rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : Cells were stimulated by $Interleukin-1{\beta}$ and Tumor Necrosis $Factor-{\alpha}$ in the presence or absence of Kami-SPHHT, and then induced cytokine mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Results : Levels of $IL-1{\beta},{\;}IL-6,{\;}TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2, and NOS II mRNA expressions significantly decreased in Kami-SPHHT treated cells compared to non-treated control cells. Also, DNA-binding activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-l decreased in Kami- SPHHT treated hFLSs. Conclusion : These results suggest that Kami-SPHHT may be involved in anti-inflammatory reactions by inducing cytokine gene expression in synoviocytes, and further in vivo examination on its efficacy can provide potential application for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Objective : This study investigated the inflammatory reaction is characterized by over production of inflammatory mediators due to an up-regulation of inflammatory pathways.Methods : We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of water extracts fromLonicera japonicaandScutellaria baicalensisin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated U937 cells. Each extract suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators (NO, IL-1${\beta}$, TNF-${\beta}$, and PGE₂) and the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS- stimulated U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner.Results : These suggest that the suppression effects were synergistically increased by their combination. Their combination extract also inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$-DNA complex of NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity and translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ from cytosol to nucleus.Conclusions : Our study suggest that the combination of water-extractable components ofL. japonicaandS. baicalensismay be useful for therapeutic drugs against inflammatory immune diseases, probably by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.181-192
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• 2012

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce innate immune responses that are essential for host defense against invading microbial pathogens. In general, TLRs have two major downstream signaling pathways; myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-${\beta}$ (TRIF) leading to the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF3. Numerous studies demonstrated that certain phytochemicals possessing anti-inflammatory effects inhibit NF-${\kappa}B$ activation induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli including lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$). However, the direct molecular targets for such anti-inflammatory phytochemicals are not fully identified. In this paper, we will discuss about the molecular targets of phytochemicals in TLRs signaling pathways. These results present a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of phytochemicals in TLRs signaling.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

Although it has been known that TGF-${\beta}1$ acts as a crucial cofactor in osteoclast differentiation, its mode of action is still unclear. In the present study, we studied the effect of TGF-${\beta}1$ on the differentiation of osteoclast depending on the developmental stages. Murine bone marrow cells were induced to differentiate into mature osteoclasts in the presence of receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). In the early stage of the differentiation TRAP(-) mononuclear precursor cells were obtained from nonadherent M-CSF dependent bone marrow cells, which further differentiated into mature osteoclasts. TGF-${\beta}1$ stimulated osteoclast differentiation, which was stronger when cells were stimulated by TGF-${\beta}1$ in the early stage than the later differentiation. TGF-${\beta}1$ increased the expression of RANK and synergistically stimulated RANKL-induced activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ MAP kinase in TRAP(-) mononuclear precursor cells. These results suggest that activation of osteoclast differentiation by TGF-${\beta}1$ may be ascribed to the both increased expression and activation of RANK in the osteoclast differentiation, especially in the early stage of differentiation.