• Title/Summary/Keyword: NDMA

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Kimchi and Nitrosamines (김치와 니트로소아민)

  • Park, Kun-Young;Cheigh, Hong-Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.109-116
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    • 1992
  • Kimchi is a very popular traditional fermented vegetable in Korea, however, contaminations of $NO_3$, $NO_2$ and nitrosamines in Kimchi were suspected. In this review, ingredients used in manufacturing Kimchi, kinds of Kimchi, microorganisms involved the fermentation and nutritional values of Kimchi are introduced. The quantitated levels of $NO_3$, $NO_2$ and secondary amines in the ingredients of Kimchi, and the changes of the contents of $NO_3$, $NO_2$ and nitrosamines during Kimchi fermentation were shown. The level of $NO_3$ during Kimchi fermentation reduced greatly, and the content of $NO_2$ was also trace amounts. NDMA is a major nitrosamine found in Kimchi, but the levels were trace or not detected.

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N-Nitrosamine Concentrations in Fish Distributed in a Domestic Market

  • Oh, Myung-Cheol;Oh, Chang-Kyung;Kim, Soo-Hyun
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.321-329
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    • 2003
  • In order to provide data on N-nitrosamine (NA) and sanitation in fish available in domestic markets, this study analyzed the levels of NA and its precursors in 9 samples of sea breams and yellow croakers, 12 samples of red-flesh fish, 38 samples of white fish, 5 samples of Alaska pollacks and cod, and 8 species of imported fish. Sea breams and yellow croakers had nitrite concentrations ranging from non-detectable (ND) to 7.4 mg/kg, red fish ND to 5.3 mg/kg, white fish ND to 18.7 mg/kg, Alaska pollacks 0.3 to 2.2 mg/kg, and imported fish from 0.4 to 12.8 mg/kg. Nitrates in sea breams and yellow croakers ranged from 1.2 to 41.19 mg/kg, red fish 0.6 to 26.1 mg/kg, white fish 4.3 to 75.9 mg/kg, Alaska pollacks 0.4 to 3.1 mg/kg, and imported fish ND to 16.0 mg/kg. DMA concentrations were 69.8 to 219.9 mg/l00 g in sea breams and yellow croakers, 4.1 to 336.3 mg/l00 g in red fish, 1.3 to 331.9 mg/l00 g in white fish, 15.7 to 312.3 mg/l00 g in Alaska pollacks, and 1.0 to 71.8 mg/l00 g in imported fish. TMA concentrations in sea breams and yellow croakers, red fish, white fish, Alaska pollacks and imported fish were 43.8∼496.2, 12.3∼127.0, 2.0∼525.9, 15.4∼122.4, and 4∼70.6 mg/l00 g, respectively. For NA in fish distributed in local markets, only N-nitro-sodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected, and its concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 73.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in sea breams and yellow croakers, 2.2 to 56.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in red fish, ND to 143 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in white fish, 3.8 to 33.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in Alaska pollacks, and 2.1 to 102.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in imported fish.

Analysis of Nitrosamines Concentration in Condom by using LC-MS/MS (LC-MS/MS를 이용한 콘돔에 함유된 니트로사민류 농도 분석)

  • Park, Na-Youn;Kim, Sungmin;Jung, Woong;Kho, Younglim
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.62 no.3
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    • pp.181-186
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    • 2018
  • Nitrosamines are the nitrosocompounds which are produced by nitrosation reactions of the secondary amine and nitrite, and has been found to be produced through the vulcanization process during the production of rubber products Recently, nitrosamines have been detected in rubber products and become a major topic. Condoms are disposable medical devices, so safety is important because they come into direct contact with the skin and mucous membranes. In this study, we developed an analytical method for nitrosamines in condoms by applying ISO 29941 method. The samples were eluted by distilled water, and target compounds were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane. And then after concentrated, and quantitatively analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The accuracies of the analytical method were ranged from 85.8 to 108.7%, precisions were lower than 11.5%, and the detection limits were from 0.11 (NDPA and NDBA) to 0.48 (NPYR) ng/mL. Among the 31 condom samples, NDBA was detected from 2 cases by extraction of distilled water, and NDMA were detected from 1 case, NDEA from 4 cases and NDBA from 26 cases by extraction of artificial saliva (pH 4.5). The total amount of nitrosamines in all samples were less than $500{\mu}g/kg$.

A Study of $C_9$-aldehyde Synthesis from n-Butene (노르말부텐으로부터 $C_9$-알데히드 합성에 관한 연구)

  • Jeon, Jong-Ki;Park, Seong-Ki;Park, Young-Kwon
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.176-183
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study is to upgrade the catalysts for synthesizing mixed octenes using normal butene and the catalysts for synthesizing $C_9$-aldehyde through hydroformylation of mixed octenes with syngas. The in-line activation method with circulating activating solution was effective for activation of the $NiO/A1_{2}O_3$ catalyst. The reason for catalyst deactivation may be ascribed to physi-sorbed materials or oligomers which block pore entrance and then prevent active sites from participating a reaction. Continuous distillation apparatus was used for separating mixed octenes from dimerization products. When reflux ratio was above 3 : 1, mixed octene fraction of which purity was above 99.57% was obtained. In $C_9$-aldehyde synthesis through hydroformylation of mixed octenes, we investigated a performance of ligand which increased catalyst stability as well as activity of Co catalyst. The results indicated that TPPO, NMP, NDMA, and succinonitrile were suitable ligand for increasing initial activity and reducing loss of Co during catalyst recovery.

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Proteomic and Morphologic Evidence for Taurine-5-Bromosalicylaldehyde Schiff Base as an Efficient Anti-Mycobacterial Drug

  • Ding, Wenyong;Zhang, Houli;Xu, Yuefei;Ma, Li;Zhang, Wenli
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.29 no.8
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    • pp.1221-1229
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    • 2019
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a causative pathogen of tuberculosis (TB), still threatens human health worldwide. To find a novel drug to eradicate this pathogen, we tested taurine-5-bromosalicylaldehyde Schiff base (TBSSB) as an innovative anti-mycobacterial drug using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a surrogate model for M. tuberculosis. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of TBSSB against M. smegmatis by plotting growth curves, examined the effect of TBSSB on biofilm formation, observed morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and detected differentially expressed proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. TBSSB inhibited mycobacterial growth and biofilm formation, altered cell ultrastructure and intracellular content, and inhibited cell division. Furthermore, M. smegmatis adapted itself to TBSSB inhibition by regulating the metabolic pathways and enzymatic activities of the identified proteins. NDMA-dependent methanol dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H nitroreductase, and amidohydrolase AmiB1 appear to be pivotal factors to regulate the M. smegmatis survival under TBSSB. Our dataset reinforced the idea that Schiff base-taurine compounds have the potential to be developed as novel anti-mycobacterial drugs.

Development of Urinary Bladder Pre-Neoplasia by Schistosoma haematobium Eggs and Chemical Carcinogen in Mice

  • Chala, Bayissa;Choi, Min-Ho;Moon, Kyung Chul;Kim, Hyung Suk;Kwak, Cheol;Hong, Sung-Tae
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.55 no.1
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    • pp.21-29
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    • 2017
  • Schistosoma haematobium is a biocarcinogen of human urinary bladder (UB). The present study investigated developing UB cancer mouse model by injecting S. haematobium eggs into the bladder wall and introduction of chemical carcinogens. Histopathological findings showed mild hyperplasia to epithelial vacuolar change, and high grade dysplasia. Squamous metaplasia was observed in the S. haematobium eggs+NDMA group at week 12 but not in other groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly high expression of Ki-67 in urothelial epithelial cells of the S. haematobium eggs+BBN group at week 20. The qRT-PCR showed high expression of p53 gene in S. haematobium eggs group at week 4 and S. haematobium eggs+BBN group at week 20. E-cadherin and vimentin showed contrasting expression in S. haematobium eggs+BBN group. Such inverse expression of E-cadherin and vimentin may indicate epithelial mesenchymal transition in the UB tissue. In conclusion, S. haematobium eggs and nitrosamines may transform UB cells into squamous metaplasia and dysplasia in correlation with increased expression of Ki-67. Marked decrease in E-cadherin and increase in p53 and vimentin expressions may support the transformation. The present study introduces a promising modified animal model for UB cancer study using S. haematobium eggs.

Opisthorchis viverrini Infection Activates the PI3K/AKT/PTEN and Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathways in a Cholangiocarcinogenesis Model

  • Yothaisong, Supak;Thanee, Malinee;Namwat, Nisana;Yongvanit, Puangrat;Boonmars, Thidarut;Puapairoj, Anucha;Loilome, Watcharin
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.23
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    • pp.10463-10468
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    • 2015
  • Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) infection is the major etiological factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), especially in northeast Thailand. We have previously reported significant involvement of PI3K/AKT/PTEN and $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin in human CCA tissues. The present study, therefore, examined the expression and activation of PI3K/AKT/PTEN and $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling components during Ov-induced cholangiocarcinogenesis in a hamster animal model. Hamsters were divided into two groups; non-treated and Ov plus NDMA treated. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed an upregulation of PI3K/AKT signaling as determined by elevated expression of the $p85{\alpha}$-regulatory and $p110{\alpha}$-catalytic subunits of PI3K as well as increased expression and activation of AKT during cholangiocarcinogenesis. Interestingly, the staining intensity of activated AKT (p-AKT) increased in the apical regions of the bile ducts and strong staining was detected where the liver fluke resides. Moreover, PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K/AKT, was suppressed by decreased expression and increased phosphorylation during cholangiocarcinogenesis. We also detected upregulation of $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling as determined by increased positive staining of Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt5a, Wnt7b and ${\beta}$-catenin, corresponded with the period of cholangiocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, nuclear staining of ${\beta}$-catenin was observed in CCA tissues. Our results suggest the liver fluke infection causes chronic inflammatory conditions which lead to upregulation of the PI3K/AKT and $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling pathways which may drive CCA carcinogenesis. These results provide useful information for drug development, prevention and treatment of CCA.

Studies on Physiological Activity of Bacillus subtilis JM-3 Isolated from Anchovy Sauce (멸치액젓으로부터 분리한 Bacillus subtilis JM-3의 생리활성기능에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Sang-Soo;Kim, Sang-Moo;Shin, Il-Shik
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.684-689
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    • 2003
  • In previous paper, we isolated the bacteria, Bacillus subtilis JM-3, with proteolytic and fibrinolytic activity for candidate microorganisms that have rapid fermenting and physiological functions from anchovy sauce. This study was carried out to search physiological functions of Bacillus subtilis JM-3, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative, antimutagenic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and anticarcinogenic activity in vitro. The cell free culture of Bacillus subtilis JM-3 showed strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, antioxidative activity with 87% of inhibition rate against linoleic acid, 50% of antimutagenic activity against N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomorpholine, and 88.9% of growth inhibition rate against SNU-1 cell line (stomach cancer cell of human). However, Bacillus subtilis JM-3 did not show angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition activity.

Strawberry, Garlic and Kale Consumption Increase Urinary Excretion of Dimethylamine and Trimethylamine in Humans

  • Chung, Mi-Ja;Lee, Soo-Jung;Shin, Jung-Hye;Sung, Nak-Ju
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.19-23
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    • 2003
  • Dimethylamine (DMA) is the immediate precursor of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In vitro and in vivo experiments using whole strawberries, and garlic and kale juices were conducted to determine concentrations of DMA and trimethylamine (TMA) in foods and urine. Experimental diets [an amino-rich diet as nitrosatable precursors in combination with added nitrate-containing drinking water without (TD1) or with whole strawberries or garlic or kale juices (TD2, TD3 and TD4, respectively), or a diet of low in nitrate and amino (TD5) were incubated in simulated saliva and gastric juices at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. We also studied the urinary excretion of DMA and TMA after consumption of the experimental diets (TD1~TD5). Urine samples were obtained for 18 hrs after consumption of experimental diets and concentrations of DMA and TMA were measured in the digested diet and urine. The DMA concentration after incubation in experimental diets (TD1~TD5) was 4.7$\pm$0.3, 6.7 $\pm$0.2, 7.9$\pm$0.2, 7.1$\pm$0.2 and 0.3$\pm$0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Urinary excretion of DMA (TD1~TD5) was 22.0$\pm$5.0, 28.3$\pm$4.3, 29.2$\pm$4.1, 27.4$\pm$4.5 and 20.4$\pm$3.1 mg/18 hr, respectively. Consumption diets with added strawberries or juices of kale or garlic increased urinary TMA and DMA, suggesting that those precursors were excreted and not converted to the carcinogen, NMDA.

Changes of Nitrosamine-Related-Compounds by Salt Concentration and Nitrate Content during the Korean Native Soysauce Fermentation (재래(在來) 간장덧 숙성중(熟成中) 식염농도(食鹽濃度)와 Nitrate함량(含量)에 따른 Nitrosamine 관련물질(關聯物質)의 변화(變化))

  • Kim, Mi-Seong;Koh, Moo-Seok;Kwon, Tae-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.329-338
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    • 1985
  • This study was undertaken in order to research formation of nitrosamine and its related compounds by salt concentration and nitrate content during Korean native soysauce fermentation. The results from measuring the changes of nitrite and dimethylamine content can be summerized as follows. As the nitrate content in used water was getting higher and the salt concentration was getting lower, the soysauce fermentation was abnormal. As the salt concentration was getting higher, the reduction of nitrate and formation of nitrite were delayed. But whether the nitrate content in used water was higher or not, the nitrite was continuously remained. An addition of ascorbic acid restrained the reduction of nitrate, and simultaneously, it could eliminate the nitrite effectively. As the nitrate content in used water, was getting higher, the content of dimethylamine was getting lower. Nitrosodimethylamine was detected from 0 to 261.34 ppb.

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