• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.18-21
• /
• 2013

$SiO_2$ layer grown by rapid thermal oxidation and $SiN_x$ layer were used for passivating the surface of n-type silicon solar cell, instead of only $SiN_x$ layer generally used in photovoltaic industry. The rapid thermal oxidation provides the reduction of processing time and avoids bulk life time degradation during the processing. Improvement of 30 mV in Voc and $2.7mA/cm^2$ in Jsc was obtained by applying these two layers. This improvement led to fabrication of a large area ($239cm^2$) n-type solar cell with 17.34% efficiency. Internal quantum efficiency measurement indicates that the improvement comes from the front side passivation, but not the rear side, by using $SiO_2/SiN_x$ stack.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.26-31
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Chronic inflammatory gingival lesions occur as pyogenic granulomas or non-specific chronic suppurative lesions. Methods: Of the 59 chronic inflammatory gingival lesions examined, plasma cell granuloma (n=14), which showed an intense antibody-mediated immune reaction with the increased infiltration of plasma cells, was observed as a pseudotumor-like gingival overgrowth and myofibroblastic or fibrohistiocytitc proliferation of stromal cells with a heavy collection of plasma cells. The levels of CD3, CD20, CD31, CD68, RANKL, cathepsin G, cathepsin K, lysozyme, TNF${\alpha}$, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in the 14 cases of gingival plasma cell granuloma with immunohistochemical detection were measured to determine the pathogenetic progresses of the plasma cell granuloma compared to the common pyogenic granuloma (n=45) in the gingiva. Results: The gingival lesions of the plasma cell granuloma could be divided into three histological types, plasma cell predominant type (PPT, n=8), mixed inflammatory cell type (MICT, n=2), and sclerosed fibrosis type (SFT, n=4). The PPT showed a condensed infiltration of plasma cells into the perivascular spaces of the granulomatous lesion with frequent formation of Russel's body in their cytoplasm. The MICT showed the concomitant infiltration of many macrophages together with plasma cells, resulting in the diffuse destruction of stromal fibrous tissue. The SFT showed granulomatous lesions replaced gradually by thick collagenous fibrous tissue, resembling an inflammatory pseudotumor. The SFT expressed strongly the lymphocytic markers, CD3 and CD20, and the macrophage/monocyte markers, CD31 and CD68, but showed reduced expression of common inflammatory markers, TNF${\alpha}$, cathepsin G, lysozyme, MMP-2, and MMP-9, as well as the reduced expression of osteoclastogenic markers, RANKL and cathepsin K. Conclusion: These results suggest that a gingival plasma cell granuloma shows variable gene expression for cell-mediated immunity and stromal tissue degeneration, undergoing sclerotic fibrosis with a persistent inflammatory reaction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.10
• /
• pp.1004-1014
• /
• 1995

Effect of age and dietary fatty acid composition on immune responses were investigated in Sprague-Dawley male rets. The animals weighing 88.6$\pm$2.2g were fed 10% dietary fat (W/W, 20% of calorie) with P/S ratio of 0.5, 1 and 2, and in each group, there were three different levels of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio; 2, 4 and 8(3$\times$3). The experimental periods were 1 month, 6 months and 12 months. The results of this study were; 1) Weights of thymus and spleen were significantly reduced with increasing age, moreover thymus weights were reduced with increasing the degree of unsaturation in dietarty fatty acid at 12 month. 2) The proportion of splenic lymphocyte in the total T-cell was increased with increased with age. The proportion of helper T-cell was not changed, while the proportion of suppressor T-cell was decreased. Thus at 12 month, the ratio of helpe $r^pressor T-cell was appeared to increase significantly, and showed the tendency to increase by consuming the low amount of dieraty n-3 fatty acid. 3) Proliferation stimulated by Con A or PWM reduced significantly at 12 month in which are high in dietary P/S ratio, representing the similar pattern with decrease in thymus weight. 4) Natural killer cell activities were shown significantly higher at 1 month than those at 6 month or 12 month.th.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.199-205
• /
• 2015

We investigated the effects of the thickness and doping concentration in p- and n-type poly-Si layers on the performance of a solar cell based on a carbon fiber in order to improve the energy conversion efficiency of the cell. The short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage of the carbon fiber-based solar cell were significantly influenced by the thickness and doping concentration in the p- and n-type poly-Si layers. The solar cell efficiency was successfully enhanced to ~10.5%.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.200-208
• /
• 2004

Objective: Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is characterized by insulin resistance, which affects the glucose transportation inside the cell. The purpose of this study was to find out how Palmijihwangtang (PMT) and exercise influence the glucose transport metabolism in the organ muscles of ZDF (zucker diabetic fatty) rat with insulin resistance. Methods: Using three male normal zucker rats and twelve male obese rats, they were divided into a normal lean group (N=3), obese control group (N=3), obese exercises group (N=3), obese medication group (N=3), obese exercise and medication group (N=3). Treadmill exercise were repeated with 27m/min speed for an hour a day, five days a week, for 8 weeks. And 20β/sub ￠/ of PMT was orally administered twice a day for 8 weeks, after that a period blood sample was exsanguinated by heart perforation and was analyzed. Results: The body weight of the OM and OEM group showed a significant decrease among all the obese groups. The blood insulin level increased significantly of all groups in comparison with the N group. All of the OE, OM and the OEM groups showed a significant decrease of insulin level compared with the OC group; especially the OEM group demonstrated the most among obese groups. Regarding GLUT-4 level, OEM was the unique group showed a significant increase among all the obese groups. The VAMP-2 level in myocardium cell membrane was increased significantly at OC group in comparison with the N group, whereas the OEM group only showed significant decrease of it. In addition, the VAMP-2 level in pancreas β-cell was significantly decreased at all the obese groups in comparison with the N group. Only the OEM group showed significant increase among all the obese groups. Conclusion: Palmijihwangtang (PMT) and exercise could effectively promote the insulin metabolism in pancreas β-cells and activate the glucose transport process in myocardium cell membrane by lowering the insulin resistance of ZDF rats.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2012

Immune cells express toll-like receptors (TLRs) and respond to molecular patterns of various pathogens. CpG motif in bacterial DNA activates innate and acquired immune systems through binding to TLR9 of immune cells. Several studies reported that CpG can directly regulate B cell activation, differentiation, and Ig production. However, the role of CpG in B cell growth and Ig production is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of CpG on the kinetics of mouse B cell viability, proliferation, and Igs production. Overall, CpG enhanced mouse B cell growth and production of Igs in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike LPS, 100 nM CpG (high dose) did not support TGF-${\beta}1$-induced IgA and IgG2b production. Moreover, 100 nM CpG treatment abrogated either LPS-induced IgM or LPS/TGF-${\beta}1$-induced IgA and IgG2b production, although B cell growth was enhanced by CpG under the same culture conditions. We subsequently found that 10 nM CpG (low dose) is sufficient for B cell growth. Again, 10 nM CpG did not support TGF-${\beta}1$-induced IgA production but, interestingly enough, supported RA-induced IgA production. Further, 10 nM CpG, unlike 100 nM, neither abrogated the LPS/TGF-${\beta}1$- nor the LPS/RA-induced IgA production. Taken together, these results suggest that dose of CpG is critical in B cell growth and Igs production and the optimal dose of CpG cooperates with LPS in B cell activation and differentiation toward Igs production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 1984

V-groove N+P solar cell is fabricated by thermal diffusion in silicon wafer with (100) crystal structure. To form the V-grooves in (100) silicon surface, a mixture of etylen-diamine, water, pyrocathecol is used as the etchant of anisotropic etching. Under light intensity of 100mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the efficiency of the V-groove solar cell is 2.5-3.5% greater than the conventional N+P solar cell and 0.4-0.6% greater than the texturized one.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the water extract of Samultang (SMT), a Chinese herb, on apoptotic cell death by $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in SK-N-M C cells. A nuclear fragmentation was observed via fluorescence imaging 12 h after exposure to 30 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ and DNA laddering was detected via agarose electrophoresis gel. In addition, increases in sub-G1 phase and cleavage of the PARP protein were observed. However, treatment with SMT for 2 h prior to $H_2O_2$ exposure significantly reduced apoptotic cell death induced by incubation with 30 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ in SK-N-MC cells. Pre-incubation with water extract of SMT for 2 h prevented the $H_2O_2$-induced decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential. SMT also attenuated the increase in caspase-3 activity and the breakdown of PARP protein caused by $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. These results suggest that the water extract of SMT provides inhibition of apoptotic cell death against oxidative injury in SK-N-MC cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.100-106
• /
• 2004

$NO^3$-N removal was examined from July 2002 to December 2002 of a surface-flow constructed treatment wetland cell, which was a part of a treatment wetland system composed of four wetland cells and one distribution pond. The system was established on rice paddy near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The lake and the paddy were formed by a salt marsh reclamation project. Effluent from a secondary-level treatment plant was funneled into the system. The investigated cell was created in June 2002. Its dimensions were 87 m in length and 14 m in width. It had an open water zone at its center, which was equivalent to 10 percent of its total area. Reeds(Phragmites australis) were transplanted from natural wetlands into the cell and their stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Average 25 $m^3$/day of effluent from the plant was funneled into the cell by gravity flow and average 24.2$m^3$/day of its treated effluent was discharged into the Sinyang Stream flowing into the lake. Its water depth was maintained about 0.2 m and its hydraulic detention time averaged 5.2 days. The average height of the reed stems was 45.2 cm in July 2002 and 80.5 cm in September 2002. The number of stems averaged 40.3 stems/$m^2$ in July 2002 and 74.5 stems/$m^2$ in September 2002. The reeds were established initially well. $NO_3$-N loading rate of influent and effluent averaged 173.7 and $93.5mg/m2{\cdot}day$, respectively. Removal of $NO_3$-N averaged $80.2mg/m2{\cdot}day$ and its removal rate by mass was about 50 %. Considering the initial operation of the cell and the inclusion of the cold months of November and December in the analysis period, the $NO_3$-N removal rate was good.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2013.02a
• /
• pp.230-230
• /
• 2013

In amorphous or microcrystalline thin-film silicon solar cells, p-i-n structure is used instead of p/n junction structure as in wafer-based Si solar cells. Hence, these p-i-n structured solar cells inevitably consist of many interfaces and the cell efficiency critically depends on the effective control of these interfaces. In this study, in-situ plasma treatment process of the interfaces was developed to improve the efficiency of a-Si:H solar cell. The p-i-n cell was deposited using a single-chamber VHF-PECVD system, which was driven by a pulsed-RF generator at 80 MHz. In order to solve the cross-contamination problem of p-i layer, high RF power was applied without supplying SiH4 gas after p-layer deposition, which effectively cleaned B contamination inside chamber wall from p-layer deposition. In addition to the p-i interface control, various interface control techniques such as thin layer of TiO2 deposition to prevent H2 plasma reduction of FTO layer, multiple applications of thin i-layer deposition and H2 plasma treatment, H2 plasma treatment of i-layer prior to n-layer deposition, etc. were developed. In order to reduce the reflection at the air-glass interface, anti-reflective SiO2 coating was also adopted. The initial solar cell efficiency over 11% could be achieved for test cell area of 0.2 $cm^2$.