• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.537-547
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to understand transcriptional changes in the genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways following castration of bulls. Methods: Twenty Korean bulls were weaned at average 3 months of age, and castrated at 6 months. Liver tissues were collected from bulls (n = 10) and steers (n = 10) of Korean cattle, and hepatic gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We examined hepatic transcription levels of genes encoding enzymes for irreversible reactions in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis as well as genes encoding enzymes for the utilization of several glucogenic substrates. Correlations between hepatic gene expression and carcass characteristics were performed to understand their associations. Results: Castration increased the mRNA (3.6 fold; p<0.01) and protein levels (1.4 fold; p<0.05) of pyruvate carboxylase and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase genes (1.7 fold; p<0.05). Hepatic mRNA levels of genes encoding the glycolysis enzymes were not changed by castration. Castration increased mRNA levels of both lactate dehydrogenase A (1.5 fold; p<0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase B (2.2 fold; p<0.01) genes for lactate utilization. Castration increased mRNA levels of glycerol kinase (2.7 fold; p<0.05) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (1.5 fold; p<0.05) genes for glycerol utilization. Castration also increased mRNA levels of propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta (mitochondrial) (3.5 fold; p<0.01) and acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 3 (1.3 fold; p = 0.06) genes for propionate incorporation. Conclusion: Castration increases transcription levels of critical genes coding for enzymes involved in irreversible gluconeogenesis reactions from pyruvate to glucose and enzymes responsible for incorporation of glucogenic substrates including lactate, glycerol, and propionate. Hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression levels were associated with intramuscular fat deposition.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.317-322
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• 1998

orchardgrass에 두과목초인 alfalfa와 탄닌을 함유한 birdsfoot trefoil을 혼합하여 급여하였을 때 산양에 의한 섭취량, 소화율과 질소 및 에너지 이용성에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하고자 재래산양을 공시하여 orchardgrass(OG) 100% 급여구(OG), OG 60%+alfalfa(AA) 40% 급여구(OG+AA) 및 OG 60%+birdsfoot trefoil(BT) 40% 급여구(OG+BT) 등의 3처리를 두어 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. CP 함량은 OG 급여구에 비하여 OG+AA 급여구나 OG+BT를 급여한 구에서 높았다(P<0.05). 그러나 NDF 함량은 OG 급여구에서 높았고(P<0.05), lignin 함량은 BT 급여구에서 높았으나(P<0.05), ADF 함량은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 건물섭취량과 건물 및 세포 내용물 소화융은 OG 급여구에 비하여 OG+AA 급여구에서 높은 경향을 보였으나(P<0.05), NDF 및 ADF 소화율은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 가소화질소의 축적율은 OG+AA 급여구에서 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 대사질소 축적율 및 생물가는 OG+BT 급여구에서 가장 높았으나(P<0.05), OG+AA와 OG+BT 급여구간에 유의적 차이는 없었다. 가소화 및 대사에너지의 이용율은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 OG급여구에 비하여 두과목초(AA, BT)를 급여함으로서 질소 및 에너지의 이용성이 개선되었으며, 두과 목초간에는 OG+AA 급여구에 비하여 OG+BT 급여구에서 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 질소 이용성이 다소 개선되는 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2016

This study aimed to examine the nutrient utilization of rump round meat and lotus root using young (32 wk) and aged hens (108 wk) as an animal model. Rump round meat and lotus root were prepared with or without enzymatic treatment. For each age group of laying hens, a total of 24 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments with six replicates. For rump round meat, the true total tract retention rate (TTTR) of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) were unaffected by either enzymatic treatment or hen age. However, aged hens had greater (p<0.01) TTTR of energy and crude fat than young hens. Enzymatic treatment did not influence the TTTR of energy or crude fat. In addition, we did not observe any significant interaction between the TTTR of DM, energy, N, or crude fat in rump round meat and hen age or enzymatic treatment. The TTTR of DM remained unchanged between controls and enzyme-treated lotus root for young hens. However, enzyme-treated lotus root exhibited greater (p<0.05) TTTR of DM than control lotus root for aged hens, resulting in a significant interaction (p<0.05). The TTTR of energy and N in lotus roots were greater (p<0.01) for aged hens than for young hens. In conclusion, enzymatic treatment exerted beneficial effects on energy and nutrient utilization in aged hens, suggesting the aged hen model is practical for simulation of metabolism of elderly individuals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2009

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of grass maturity at harvest on the nutritive value of grass silage (GS) in relation to voluntary intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization and in sacco dry matter (DM) degradability. Silage was cut from a sward dominated by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) at the late-vegetative (early-cut), internode elongation (mediumcut) and flowering (late-cut) stages of growth. The DM yield at harvest was the lowest for early-cut silage (5.4 t/ha) and increased to 6.5 and 7.0 t/ha for the medium and late-cut silage respectively. As the crop matured, the crude protein (CP) concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05) and there was a marked increase in acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration (p<0.001). The three different silages were offered to four 18-month old Charolais wether sheep to measure the voluntary intake, in vivo digestibility and N retention over four 21-day periods in an incomplete changeover design. Silage degradability characteristics were determined using four fistulated sheep to measure DM degradability over 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. There was a linear decrease in the voluntary intake of silage fresh matter, DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF and CP, and digestibility of OM in DM (Dvalue) ($P_L<0.01$) as harvesting of grass was delayed. Nitrogen intake, N output in urine, N output in faeces and N balance also linearly decreased ($P_L<0.01$) with postponed harvesting of grass for silage. DM degradability and effective degradability (ED) significantly decreased with increasing maturity of grass at harvest. The results suggest that harvesting date has a significant influence on the nutritive value of GS in terms of intake, digestibility, N balance and in sacco degradability in the rumen. It was concluded that early harvest GS ensured higher intake, digestibility, N intake and DM degradability in comparison with the medium and the late cut GS as a result of improved rumen N efficiency and utilization probably due to a better balance of available energy and protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1623-1631
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein and energy on goats fed oil palm fronds (OPF) as roughages. Twenty-four male Saanen goats aged between 7 and 8 months and weighing $23.4{\pm}1.6kg$ were used in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Factors were three levels of urea (3%, 4% or 5%) and two levels of energy (low energy (LE) or high energy (HE)). On average, all parameters measured, including dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, digestible nutrient intakes, ruminal ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N), ruminal total volatile fatty acid (total VFA) and individual VFA concentrations (mM/L), microbial N supply, P/E ratio and N retention were higher for HE compared to LE diets. Significant (p<0.05) interactions were found between levels of urea and energy for nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and energy (DE) digestibilities, ruminal $NH_3$-N and total VFA concentrations. HE diets had higher N absorption and retention than LE diets. Interactions between urea and energy for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), heat production (HP), and urine and faeces N excretion were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the HE diets than those recorded for the LE diets. The results indicated that supplementation of energy enhanced utilization of urea and resulted in higher animal performance as a consequence of improved ruminal fermentation, microbial yield and N balance. However, the optimal level of urea supplementation remained at 3% in the HE diet.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.362-372
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• 2021

The present study was undertaken to investigate the quality characteristics of Korean Woori black pig (KWP) bellies and loins by different slaughter weight (SW) groups. The loin and belly samples collected from KWPs with different body weights (50, 75, 90, 105, and 120 kg) at 24 h post-mortem were used in the present investigation. The samples were analyzed for quality traits, fatty acid profiles, and volatile flavor compounds. Results showed that the fat content of the loin (8.64%) and belly samples (46.78%) was significantly higher in the 120 kg SW group compared to those of other SW groups (p<0.05). However, a lower protein content (12.20-12.67%) was found in the belly cuts of the heavier SW groups (105-120 kg) compared to those of the lighter SW groups (p<0.05). The lowest cooking loss (24.34%) was found in the loin cuts of the 120 kg SW group (p<0.05). Both the loin and belly cuts were observed to be redder in color with increasing SW (p<0.05). Higher oleic acid (C18:1, n9) and total monounsaturated fatty acid content and lower linolenic acid(C18:3, n3) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid content were observed in both cuts of the 120 kg SW group (p<0.05). Out of the flavor compounds identified, 11 and 17 compounds in the loin and belly, respectively, were associated with the SW. An increase in the SW resulted in increased concentrations of C18:1n9- and amino acid-derived flavor compounds. Overall, the meat samples of the heavier SW groups (120 kg) exhibited better quality and higher concentrations of volatile compounds associated with pleasant flavors. However, the meat of the 120 kg SW group also contained a much higher fat level (8.64 and 46.78% in the loin and belly, respectively) that may result in high trimming loss and hence a high rejection risk by consumers.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2018

본 연구는 오리의 도체중량에 따른 오리고기의 이화학적 특성을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 오리 도체중에 따라 200 g 단위로 2,200 g 미만부터 2,800 g 이상까지 총 5개의 중량구간을 설정하여 가슴육과 다리육을 분석하였다. 일반성분 중 지방은 가슴육에서 중량이 증가할수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). pH와 보수력은 중량에 따른 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 가열감량은 가슴육에서 2,200 g 미만 구간에서 가장 높았으며, 중량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향이 나타났다(P<0.05). 육색은 중량에 따른 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 전단력은 2,800 g 이상 중량구간에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 중량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 지방산 조성은 가슴육과 다리육 모두 중량이 증가할수록 oleic acid(C18:1, n9) 함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 불포화지방산 함량은 가슴육에서 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 다리육에서 중량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 관능평가 결과, 가슴육의 2,800 g 이상 중량구간에서 풍미, 연도와 종합 기호도가 가장 높게 나타났으나, 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 오리의 도체중량이 오리고기의 이화학적 특성에 영향을 주었으나, 관능특성에는 유의미한 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine associated factors affecting the utilization of Medical Care for an overactive bladder. Methods: Total 114 women with overactive bladder participated in this study. Patients were categorized in two groups, the patients with treatment experiences for an overactive bladder(n=40) and without treatment experiences for an overactive bladder(n=74). Patients completed Overactive Bladder Severity Score, Beck Depression Inventory, King's Health Questionnaire, and questionnaires on treatment experience. The results were analysed using SPSS for Windows 12.0k. All statistical tests were two-sided with a p-value < 0.05 being significant. Results: Patients with treatment experience had a greater score on KHQ, OABSS, BDI and had longer symptom duration period than those without treatment experience. And only Impact of Life(P=0.004), Role Limitation(P=0.004), Social Limitation(P=0.007), Emotion(P=0.035), Sleep/Energy(P=0.001), Incontinence Severity Measures(P=0.012) among KHQ domains were statistically significant difference between two groups. Conclusions: The most influencing factor associated with utilization of Medical Service in overactive bladder is the impact of the patient's quality of life.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 1998

채소 노지재배시 계분퇴비 시용량에 따른 채소류별 양분이용율과 질소비료 절감량을 산출하기 위하여 계분퇴비 0, 10, 30, $50Mg\;ha^{-1}$를 시용하고 질소질비료수준을 0, 150, $300kg\;ha^{-1}$ 시용하여 채소 종류별로 양배추, 무, 가지를 공시하여 얻은 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 계분퇴비 시용시 채소류의 양분이용율은 질소>칼리>인산순으로 많았으며, 채소류별의 질소이용율은 양배추 29%, 가지 20%, 무 14% 였으며, 인산이용율은 양배추 10%, 무, 가지는 0.7~1%로 극히 적었고, 칼리이용율은 가지 32%, 무 22%, 양배추 5% 순이었다. 가축분 $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 시용시에 양분이용율이 가장 높았으며 시용량이 증가될수록 감소되었지만 엽채류의 인산이용율은 시용량이 증가될수록 증가되는 경향이었다. 채소류별 질소질비료 절감량은 계분퇴비 $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 시용시 양배추는 $25kg\;ha^{-1}$, 가지는 $15kg\;ha^{-1}$ 감비가 가능하였고, 무는 $13kg\;ha^{-1}$를 증비해야 수량이 유지되었다. 가용성질소의 용출정도는 계분퇴비 시용30일까지 증가되다가 그 후 점차 감소되었으나, $50Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 이상 시용시는 채소생육 후기에 질소용출량이 증가되는 경향이었다. 토양의 화학성변화는 계분퇴비 시용량이 증가될수록 pH, T-N, OM, $P_2O_5$과 K. Ca, Mg 등 양이온 함량이 증가되었다. 양배추의 규격상품율과 전당함량은 계분퇴비 $30Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 시용시 가장 높았고 무, 가지중의 질산함량은 질소시비량과 계분퇴비시용량이 증가될수록 증가되었다. 채소류 수량은 계분퇴비 시용량 및 질소시용량이 증가 될수록 증수되는 경향이었으나, 계분퇴비 $50Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 이상 시용시는 양배추, 무 수량이 약간 감소되는 경향이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between threonine (Thr) efficiency and Thr dehydrogenase (TDG) activity as an indicator of Thr oxidation on chicks fed with levels of diets (CP [17.5% and 21.5%] and Thr [3.8 and 4.7 g/100 g CP]; glycine [Gly][0.64% and 0.98%] and true digestible Thr [dThr] [0.45% and 0.60%]). Calculation of the Thr efficiency was based on N-balance data and an exponential N-utilization model, and TDG activity was determined as accumulation of aminoacetone and Gly during incubation of hepatic mitochondria. This study found that in the liver of chicks who received a diet containing up to 0.79% Thr (4.7 g Thr/100 g of CP) in the 17.5% CP diet, no significant (p>0.05) effect on TDG activity was observed. However, significantly (p = 0.014) increased TDG activity was observed with a diet containing 21.5% CP (4.7 g Thr/100 g of CP) and the efficiency of Thr utilization showed a significant (p = 0.001) decrease, indicating the end of the Thr limiting range. No significant (p>0.05) effect on the total TDG activity and accumulation of Gly was observed with addition of Gly to a diet containing 0.45% dThr. In addition, addition of Gly to a diet containing 0.60% dThr also did not result in a change in accumulation of Gly. Due to an increase in accumulation of aminoacetone, an elevated effect on total TDG activity was also observed. No significant (p>0.05) reduction in the efficiency of Thr utilization was observed after addition of Gly at the level of 0.45% dThr. However, significantly (p<0.001) reduced efficiency of Thr utilization was observed after addition of Gly at the level of 0.60% dThr. Collectively, we found that TDG was stimulated not only by addition of Thr and protein to the diet, but also by addition of Gly, and efficiency of Thr utilization was favorably affected by addition of Gly at the level near to the optimal Thr concentration. In addition, no metabolic requirement of Gly through the TDG pathway was observed with almost the same accumulation of Gly and a slight increase in TDG activity by addition of Gly. Thus, our findings suggest that determination of TDG activity and parameter of efficiency of Thr utilization may be useful for evaluation of dietary Thr level.